APUSH Chapters 1-3

The Bering Strait

• Wisconsin Glaciation Era

• this is an ice bridge that allowed human beings to travel to the Americas

Before the Europeans in America

• about 60 million people in the Americas before the Europeans came

• only 7 million of these people in North America so they were very spread out, unlike in Mexico

Megafauna

• large animals that were extinct when the Europeans arrived

• Indians did not live with these animals

Maize

• superfood developed by the Natives who crossed different plants together

• say that the Mayans were created by Maize

Mexica/Aztecs

• descended from the Mayans

• bult huge temples and buildings

• believed in human sacrifice to their god (the Sun)

• had slaves, criminals, and POWs

• used alliances to conquer people in their territory to grow their empire

Teotihlican

• capital city for the Aztecs that help more than 200,000 people

• very organized and sophisticated —> designed in squares with the city center in the middle

• Spanish had success taking over because once they captured the leader and main buildings the people didn’t know what to do or where to go

In North America

• Maize spread to the Mississippi River Valley because it was so important in the South

• these natives used fire for agriculture

• gender divided for labor not class —> matrilineal and matrifocal

  • Europeans used these reasons to alienate the Natives

Mississippi River Valley natives

• lived in earthern mounds

Plains

• hunted buffalo, lived in tepees and formed corn, beef, and squash

Eastern Woodlands

• by great Lakes

• hunted and farmed

Southwest

• Peublos, developed an irrigation system because they lived in an arid landscape

Pacific Coast

• rich diet, ore isolated community who loved in longhouses

Caravel

• lighter ship with a lateen sail that enabled the ship to go against the wind

• allowed for explorers to go further into the Atlantic

Christopher Columbus

• granted by Ferdinand and Isabella to try and find a new route to India/Asia for trade

• in 1492 he lands in the Caribbeans

• before he came the Natives were thriving but were decimated by disease and war from the Europeans

Bartolomeu Dias

• rounded the Cape of Good hope at the Southern tip of Africa in 1488

Vasco de Gama

• made a trip around Africa to the East cost and India

• brought cinnamon and pepper to Europe

Amerigo Vespucci

• florentine cartographer that visited the New World and said that it wasn’t asia

• who the America’s were named after

Hernan Cortes

• 1512 he led an army of 600 men to conquer the Aztecs

• was able to defeat the Aztecs quickly because of the spread of diseases, allying with other natives and horses

• he captured their leader Motecuhzoma but didn’t kill him which caused the Aztecs to Hesitate because they didn’t know what to do

Francisco Pizarro

• wanted to conquer the Inca’s in Peru in 1524 and did so easily because the population was already diminished by disease

Columbian exchange

• accidental and pursposeful exchange of people, animals, plants, disease and ideas

• called ecological imperialism

• smallpox from this exchange was the most contagious and deadly disease to be spread to the Native Americans (death rate of 95%

Encomienda System

• land grant with Indian/ Native labor to wealthy men for them to make a profit for Spain by working the land through the Natives

• extracted tribute from the Natives in return for protection and Christian instruction

Caste system

• developed in the Spanish Colonies and was a hierarchical system of racial classification developed by the colonial elite

• Mestizos- Spanish Indian

• Mulattos - Spaniard African

• Zambo - Indian African

Mercantilism

• a system of political economy based on government regulation

• finite wealth, more exports than imports

• England uses Mercantilism through the Navigation Acts of 1650s

tribute colonies

• indigenous people do the labor and pay tribute to the mother country

Plantation Colonies

• made to farm and build specific cash crops like sugar and tobacco

• leads to chattel slavery

Chattle Slavery

• where one person owns one slave for their entire lives and kids too

New Europes

• europeans are trying to recreate Europe in the colonies

Sugar

• first important cash crop

• growth started in Brazil plantations by portugal

• in these plantations they hoped the Native Americans would do the labor, but their population diminished quickly due to disease and hard labor

  • this caused the labor force to be shifted to African labor

• sugar had to be processed immediatly in Factories so the people who owned the factories were very wealthy

The Lost Colony in Roanoke

• founded by Sir Walter Raliegh in 1585 but quickly failed and mysteriously disappeared

• showed how risky it was to start a colony

Jamestown

• 1607

• King James I granted the Virginia company of London the land from NC to NY to settle

• was a joint stock company

• originally wanted to merge with the Natives and use them as labor but this fails

• in the first 9 months, only 38 of 120 survived

• tobacco makes the Jamestown colony very wealthy

  • used indentured servants for labor

• had many conflicts with the Natives

Joint Stock company

• number of people pooled their capital and recieved shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investments

• spread the financial risks so more people would invest

John Smith

• partial leader of the colony who tried to keep the colony together and make it more prepared

• created the story of Pocahontas falling in love with him when she was sent to the settlers to become friends

  • she actually fell in love with John Rolfe

Indian War of 1622

• first war with the Native Americans

• these tensions started because of the settler’s increased need for land and for the cash crop tobacco

• 12 chiefdoms allied together to attack and kill 347 settlers

• due to this attack James I of England revoked Virginia’s charter and turned it into a royal colony

royal colony

• chartered by the crown and the colony’s governor was appointed by the crown and served according to the instructions of the board of trade

Lord Baltimore and Maryland

• Charles I succeeded James I and was Catholic so he gifted the Chesapeak Bay to a Catholic Aristocrat

• he established Maryland as a Catholic refuge

• tobacco was the main crop grown here

Identured Servants

• practice established in Europe and brought to the American colonies

• where wealthy landowners pay for their servants to travel to America and have them work for many years before they are set free and given Land

• at first this outnumbered slavery but this changed after Bacon’s rebellion because poor white people needed someone to be superior to so that they wouldn’t rebel

Bacon’s Rebellion

• 1676

• indentured servants are freed and demaand that they are given their promised land that was currently owned by the Native Americans

• so wealthy man Bacon asks governor Berkeley if they could remove the Native’s from the land but Berkeley denies Bacon

• this denial causes bacon to gather his neighbors and servants to attack the Natives and the town

• this rebellion shows that the indentured servants outnumbered the wealthy and are able to rebel against them

• the rebellion also causes the whites to unite around race and begin race base slavery

First Puritans

• 1620

• landed in Massachusettes (plymouth)

• puritans searching for refuge from the bad Christians in Europe

• critisized the gov in England which caused them to face prejudice

• first fled to the Netherlands because of their religious tolerance but it didn’t meet their standards

• planned out their arrival and survival

• group was made up of families

• William Bradford was their leader

Mayflower Compact

• created a theocracy for the puritans to live in

• said the goal for the colony was to advance the faith and glory of god

• said the goal for the colony was to advance the faith and glory of god

• said they were going to work together so that the colony could thrive

Second Puritans

• 1630s

• led by John Winthrop came to America with the same ideas as the Puritans but to trade with England

• established the Massachusettes Bay colony which was a joint stock company

• established puritanism as the state religion and stopped other religions from practicing

• didn’t grow cash crops and instead created a diversified economy

• we’re very focused on education and founded many schools

• the Samoset and Squanto Native Americans helped the settlers settle in and plant corn

Halfway Covenant

• began in 1662

• admitted more people to baptism

• worried about the dilution of the church

• established to bring people back to the church

Puritan pequot War

• 1636-38

• between the Pequots and an alliance of Saybrook, Massachusetts, and Plymouth colonies with the Mohegan and Narragansett tribes

• the colonists and their allies attacked and killed many of the Pequot tribes

• Puritans wondered if they were doing the right thing but decided they were since they were already dying from disease so they believed god willed it

Roger Williams

• opposed the decision to establish an official religion and praised the Pilgrim’s seperation of the Church and the State

• advocated toleration and questioned the taking of land from the Native Americans

• establishes Rhode Island for actual religious tolerance in 1636

Anne Hutchinson

• held a weekly prayer group for women

• she was soon accused of teaching inward grace which freed the individual from the church

• caused her to be expelled in 1637 so she went to rhode island

• saif god was speaking through her

Witchcraft

• 1692

• in Salem a group of young girls kept getting sick so they blamed it on the older wealthier women calling them witches

• this allows for priests to bring power back to the church

• the enlightenment in europe also helped to end Witchcraft because people looked for rational reasons to explain why things happend

New France Colonies

• France wasn’t in population pressure like England so they didn’t send a bunch of people to the Americas

• used new world for the fur trade down the St. Lawerence river

• intermarried with the Natives

• indentured servitude in France was much less harsh

• Louis XIV banned Hugeunots from going to New France so that they couldn’t spread protestantism

New Netherlands

• Dutch government chartered the West India Company which founded the New Netherlands

• the compant granted Large estates to wealthy dutchmen along the Hudson river

• the Dutch primarily traded fur with the Indians

• had a war between the Dutch and Mohawk Indians vs. the Algonquians which the Dutch won

• 1664 New Amsterdam was now under British control (New York)

The Iroquois Condeferacy

composed of five distinct nations with a government and capital

The Beaver Wars

• the Iroquois ally with the British against the French allied Hurons

• the Iroquois and British wanted to expand and monopolize off of the Fur Trade

Navigation Acts

• 1651

• said that the colonies could only trade with and on British Ships

• wasn’t well enforved so there was often smuggling within the colonies

Dominion Of England

• royal province created in 1686 that absorbed the North Colonies into one anc eliminated their Charter rights

• put in place by James II but is undone in 1688 after the Glorious Revolution

South Carolina Colony

• 1670

• where colonists come from barbados because there was no land on the island to grow rice

North Carolina Colony

• 1670

• settled by Farmers

New York

• taken from the Dutch and given to the Duke of York

• one of the first two middle colonies

New Jersey

• 1702

• became a royal colony

• seperated from the New York Colony

• second of the first two middle colonies

Pennslyvania

• established by William Penn who was a Quaker

• wanted to create a prosperous neo-european colony

• had good relations with the Natives

• allowed: religious tolerance and political equality by allowing all property owning men to hold office and vote

Quakers

• believed that god spoke directly to each individual through an inner light

• don’t need the bible or ministers

• becom the first abolitionists

Delaware

• made up of 3 lower counties of Pennslyvania in 1702

Georgia

• last proprietary colony

• started by James Oglethorp in 1732

• rice economy and race base slavery

• Savannah designed in squares that look into parks

Legacies of English Colonization

• english saw the indians as an obstacle and didn’t integrate with them like the Spanish did

• emphasized agriculture which led to labor problems and slavery

• early self rule under the House of Burgesses in Virginia

Metacoms War

• 1675-1676

• war led by Metacom the Wampanoag leader who thought the english colonists had to be expelled

• attacked white settlements in New England

• ended in 1676 because Metacom was killed

• 1,000 colonists killed and 12 towns destroyed

• the colonists won leading to the destruction of the Wampanoag

The Peublo Revolt

• 1540

• the Spanish try to dominate the Peublos and force them to work and follow christianity

• in 1660 the Natives start to revert back to their religion which causes the Spanish to execute their religious ministers

• the revolt was organized by Pope a relgious leader

• the revolt was successful with pushing the Spanish out of New Mexico, but they do return in 1690 with a less opressive rule

• example of assimilation

South Atlantic System

• trade routes between Europe, Africa, and Americas

  1. enslaved people from Africa are brought to the Americas

  2. Sugar and tobacco / raw materials are brought to europe

  3. the then manufactured goods are brought to Africa to trade for slaver

     • the cycle then repeats

• started as the Columbian exchange this change happened because this exchange was pursposeful

Chesapeake Colonies

• smaller farms owned and run by families so slaves had a slightly better treatment

• the laborers often worked with the people who owned them so they had a better relationship

• not much of a community with other black people because they were outnumbered

New York Slave Revolt

• 1712

• where a group of Africans attacked the white people with guns and machetes

Stono Rebellion

• 1739

• in South Carolina where the slaves were told by the Florida governer, who was Spanish, that they would be freed if they escaped to Florida

• the Spanish did this to destabilize the British

Southern Colonies

• everything here was worse for slaves but there was more of a community developed

• large plantations that used the task system which allowed the enslaved people to have more freedom to provide for their families

• run by the southern gentry

Southern gentry

• elite whites who had certain things to tell them apart

• had no class conflict with the lower whites because they both considered themselves more superior than the enslaved people