Kinesiology Exam 2

Anatomical Position

• common visual reference point

• feet together, eyes forward, thumbs pointed away from body

• “0”: used to describe locations and movements of the body in relation to each other.

Axial region

main axis of the body; skull, vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, ribs

Appendicular region

the limbs

Directional terminology

refers to body in anatomical position

Superior (cranial)

toward the head or upper part of the body, paired with inferior

Inferior (caudal)

toward the feet/away from the head or lower part of the body, paired with superior

Anterior (ventral)

toward the front of the body, in front of

(paired with posterior)

Posterior (dorsal)

toward or at the back of the body; behind

(paired with anterior)

Medial

toward or at the midline (paired with lateral)

Lateral

away from the midline of the body, or on the outer side of (paired with medial)

Proximal

close to origin of body part or point of attachment of limb to body part (paired with distal)

Distal

farther from origin of body part or point of attachment of a limb to body trunk (paired with proximal)

Superficial

toward or at body surface (paired with deep)

Deep

away from body surface, more internal, (paired with superficial)

Ipsilateral

same side

Contralateral

opposite sides

Frontal Plane

• divides body into anterior and posterior parts

• abduction & adduction

Sagittal Plane

• divides body into left and right sides

• flexion & extension

Transverse Plane

• runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts

• rotatation 

Oblique Plane

cuts through object at angled, diagonal, or rotational plane

Body Cavities

Dorsal body cavity (contains cranial and vertebral cavities); Ventral body cavity (contains thoracic and abdominopelvic body cavities)

Goniometry

science and technique of measuring angles

Reasons/Purposes of Goniometry

• find restrictions/impairment

• establishing a diagnosis

• measurement is essential in assessment

• to motivate subject

• research purposes

Goniometer

body, fulcrum, moving arm, stationary arm

• measurement made in degrees of ROM

• start in anatomical position

• active or passive

Osteokinematics

• bone motion

• relative motion determined by the movement of one bone in relation to another (or the ground)

Arthrokinematics

describes joint movement

• slides/glides

• spins/rolls

Range of Motion (ROM)

total amount of motion available at joint

• Shoulder flexion- 180 degrees

• Shoulder abduction- 180 degrees

• elbow flexion- 145 degrees

• knee flexion- 135 degrees

Active ROM

person moves body using musculature

• helps determine willingness to move, muscle strength, & coordination

Passive ROM

the ROM when the person doesn’t engage muscles (moved by outside force)

• gives info about integrity of the joint

Anatomy

the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Physiology

how the body parts function to perform a task

Human Body Systems (11)

• integumentary system

• skeletal system

• muscular system

• nervous system

• endocrine system

• cardiovascular system

• lymphatic system

• respiratory system

• digestive system

• urinary system

• reproductive system

Skeletal system

bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon

Types of Joints (6)

pivot, hinge, saddle, plane, condyloid, ball-and-socket

Muscles

• over 650 in body

• contracts to cause gross or fine movement

• types of muscle; skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary)

Muscles in Upper Extremity/Core

• traps

• pectoralis major

• deltoids

• biceps brachii

• triceps brachii

• latissimus dorsi

• rectus abdominus

• flexors/extensors of forearm

• external/internal obliques

Lower Extremity

• quads

• hamstrings

• tibialis anterior

• gastrocnemius

• soleus

• gluteus muscles

• plantarflexors and dorsiflexors of the lower leg

Muscle Origin

where the muscle begins/originates

• attachment site that does NOT move

• proximal

Muscle Insertion

where the muscle ends/inserts

• attachment site that does move

• distal

Muscle Action

performance/action of the muscle contraction

• flexion, extension, abduction, adduction etc

Types of Muscle Actions

• flexion/extension/hyperextension

• abduction/adduction

• internal/external rotation

• pronation/supination

• dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

Types of Contractions

• isotonic

• isometric

Isotonic

muscle contracts and changes length

• concentric- contracting while shortening

• eccentric- contracting while lengthening

Isometric

muscle contracts and doesn’t change length

Central Nervous System

brain and spinal cord, control centers

Peripheral Nervous System

communication between CNS and body

Sensory (afferent neurons)

receptors send message to CNS

Motor (efferent neurons)

conducts impulses from CNS to muscles and glands

Athletic Health Care Team

• BOC Athletic Trainer

• Team Physician 

• EMS personnel

• coaches

• school nurses, medical specialists, dentists, counselors etc

Coaches should be trained in…

• basic conditioning procedures

• maintenance and fitting of protective equipment 

• First aid/CPR

• AED operation

• recognition of basic sports injuries

• skills instruction

Team Physician duties..

• coordinate PPE

• on- and off-field injury management 

• provide medical management of injuries and illnesses

• coordinate rehab and RTP decisions

BOC Athletic Trainer

• allied healthcare professional

• injury prevention, recognition, evaluation, and immediate care, treatment and rehab

Sports Injury (NCAA def)

1. occurs as a result of participation in organize intercollegiate practice or game

2. requires medical attention by a team athletic trainer or physician

3. results in restriction of athlete’s participation for one or more days after injury

Intrinsic Factors of Overuse Injuries

• immature cartilage

• less flexibility

• less conditioning

• psychological factors

Extrinsic Factors of Overuse Injuries

• excessive training

• lack of adequate recovery

• incorrect technique

• playing on uneven or hard surfaces

• incorrect equipment

Soft Tissue

muscles, fascia, tendons, joint capsules, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves

Osseous Tissue

bones

Sprains

stretched or torn ligaments

First degree Sprain

micro trauma, mild pain, little to no swelling

Second Degree Sprain

partial tearing, pain, moderate swelling, dysfuntion

Third degree sprain

complete tear of ligament(s), pain, swelling, dysfunction leading to a loss of stability

Strains

stretched or torn muscle or tendon

first degree strain

mild, little to no swelling, pain with use

second degree strain

more extensive soft tissue damage, pain, moderate loss of function

third degree strain

complete rupture, significant swelling, loss of function, and possible defect in muscle

Contusion

bruise

• MOI: direct blow to body surface, compression of underlying tissue

• S/S: pain, stiffness, swelling, ecchymosis, hematoma

Myositis Ossifications

bonelike formation within the muscle tissue

Cartilage tears

• compression with shearing

• S/S: joint pain, swelling, stiffness, popping/clicking/catching, giving way

Fractures

breaks or cracks in a bone

Closed Fracture

bone doesn’t protrude from skin

Open (compound) fracture

bone protrudes from skin

Stress Fractures

prolonged, overload of force applied to bone

• S/S localized pain/tenderness, absence of trauma, repetitive activity, slow, insidious onset

Wolff’s law

bone will lay down more bone under stress

Biomechanics

the study of internal and external forces acting on the human body, and the effects produced by those forces

Kinematics

appearance or description of motion

Types of Kinematic Motion

linear and angluar

Linear Kinematics

• rectilinear translational

• curvilinear translational

• A to B = 10 cm distance

Angular Kinematics

• rotational

• A to B = 25 degrees

Distance

• units: meters

• length of the path followed

• scalar quantity, only magnitude matters, not direction

Displacement

• shortest path between starting point and ending point

• units: meters

• vector quantity

Speed

speed = distance/ change in time

• scalar quantity

• units: m/s

Velocity

velocity = displacement/ change in time

• rate of change in position

• vector quantity

Vectory quantity

magnitude (size) and direction (orientation)

Resultant Vectors

express both magnitude and direction

Newton’s Laws

1. an object at rest stays at rest

2. acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of an object (F=ma)

3. for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Force

effect one body has on another, any action or influence that moves an object

• units: N (Newtons)

• F=ma

External Force

act on an object as a result of an interaction with the enviornment

Contact force

forces resulting from objects coming into contact (e.x. friction)

Non-contact Force

forces occurring even if objects are not in contact (gravity, magnetic, electrical)

Internal Force

act within the system (muscle tension, ligament tension, bone compression)

Work

the product of force and displacement (units: Joules)

• W=F*d

• vector quantity

• must have three things to determine amount of work: avg force exerted on object, direction of force, displacement of object

Power

the rate at which work is done (units: Watts)

• P= W/t

• P= F*v = (F*d)/t = F * (d/t)

Torque

the ability of a force to produce rotation around an axis (units: Nm)

• T = F* moment arm

amount of torque a level has depends on the amount of force exerted and the distance between the force (line of action) and the axi of motion (moment arm)

Moment arm

the shortest perpendicular distance from a force’s line of action to the axis of rotation

• a muscle with a small moment arm needs to produce more force to generate the same torque as a muscle with a larger moment arm

• the magnitude of the moment arm of the biceps changes throughout the ROM

Biomechanical Movement

the interaction between internal and external forces ultimately controls our movement

• these forces (muscle) interact through levers (bones) and fulcrum (joint)

Levers

3 components:

• Axis of Rotation (fulcrum) - joint

• Resistive Forces (weight dumbbell)

• Motional Forces (muscles)

Class 1 Level

M-A-R

ex: Neck

Class 2 lever

• body has advantage over gravity

• A-R-M

• ex. ankle, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion

Class Three Lever

A-M-R

• most of our bones use this type

• ex: bicep

Mechanical Advantage

• ratio of motional and resistive forces

• MA= motional force/ resistive force

• when motional force = resistive force, MA = 1

• when motional force is less than < resistive force, MA < 1 (mechanical disadvantage, force must be greater than the resistance to counter)

• when motional force is greater than resistive force, MA > 1 (mechanical advantage)