AP World History- Unit 2 (Networks of Exchange- 1200-1450)

Burghers

middle class merchants

Hanseatic League- 1358

• controlled trade thru Northern Europe

• drive towards nationhood

• increase social mobility/flexibility

• like city-states

scholasticism

a medieval school of thought that sought to reconcile faith with reason, emphasizing logic and dialectical reasoning.

• universities founded based on Muslim findings

• Islamic/Byzantine empires and classical Greek philosophy. It laid the groundwork for modern universities.

Crusades- 11th to 14th Century

military campaigns by European Christians to take over Holy Lands and convert Muslims and other non Christians

Heresies

are beliefs or practices that deviate from established religious doctrines, often condemned by the Church. During the medieval period, they were seen as threats to Christian unity.

Pope Innocent III

13th century- heretics/Jews persecuted, issued strict degrees over church doctrine

led fourth crusade, Latin Empire estab. in Constantinople (only lasted 50 yrs then Byzantines overthrew them in 1261)

Inquisition

led by Pope Gregory IX

formalized interrogation/persecution of perceived heretics

Universal Church/Church Militant

term used to describe the Christian Church as a global institution, uniting believers in faith and doctrine, and emphasizing the Church's role in spiritual warfare against sin and heresy.

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

13th century- theologian who bridged faith and reason, known for his works such as the Summa Theologica, which synthesized Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology.

had huge impact on Christian thought

Genghis Khan/Chinggis Khan

1200’s - unfiied nomadic Mongol tribes and led them to path of expansion

• superb horsemen/archers

• led Mongol invasion of China in 1234

Mongol Empire

after Genghis Khan’s death, they split into diff. groups

• called Hordes or Khanates (military regions)

• Golden Horde conquered Russia

• Kublai Khan-assimiliated to Chinese culture- ruled China (Yuan Dynasty, believed he had Mandate of Heaven)

• peaceful after conquering, illiterate Mongols assimilated due to reforms(Pax Mongolica)

• highly militaristic (organize) and mobile

• excellent infrastructure, no Mongol culture

  • built bridges and roads

• increased communication

  • Yam system

• Mongol transfers

  • medical knowledge & adaption of Uyghur script

Timur Lang

destroyed everything for Mongol’s conquest of India and established the Timurid Empire in the late 14th century. Known as Tamerlane, he was a brutal conqueror and military leader who sought to restore the Mongol Empire's glory.

Mansa Musa

ruler of Mali Empire from 1200-1450, capital at Timbuktu

1324 pilgrimage to Mecca (called a hajj)

trans-Saharan trade, gold!

heck ton of gold in Africa

Songhai Empire (west africa)

mid-15th century- ruler was Sonni Ali and lasted until 1600

Timbuktu became huge scholare hub and trade center in the Songhai Empire, known for its wealth and cultural achievements.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

Cause of Expansion

• transportation technologies

  • Arabian camel

• Saddles

• Caravanserai

• Gold, Kola Nuts, Horses, and Salt

caravanserai

established along trade route where merchants could rest/exchange ideas (rest stop)

Moveable type

printing technology that allowed for the quick production of written texts, significantly impacting education and literacy.

in Song Dynasty- estab capital at Hangzhou; helped lower class

increase agriculture/tech knowledge

Military:

Chinese junks, better ships made a good navy (merchant ships)

gunpowder, compass, etc. + production of iron & steel

Silk Road

sold luxury Chinese goods, ex. Silk/Porcelain (increased demand)

proto-industrialization- producing more goods thant theirown their own population could consume (sold excess to distant markets)

paper money, bills+ made trade easier (China started this)

increasing use of credit (China called it “flying money/”flying cash”)

Rise of Banks- bills of exchange

Caravanserai!!

saddles

cultural diffusion

Bubonic Plague (the Black Death)

started in Asia in 14th century

• carried by merchants along silk roads

• led to decline in feudal system

Indian Ocean Trade

dominated by Persians/Arabs, connected Western India ports to Persian Gulf and Eastern Africa

- resilient boats, captains knew monsoon patterns

- Arab dhow (better ships, like Chinese junk)

Luxury goods and grains and cotton textiles

Great Zimbabwe

A medieval city in southern Africa, known for its stone ruins and as a center for trade in gold and ivory during the 11th to 15th centuries.

-distrbuted Afeican gold to the rest of the World

Sultanate of Malacca

A Malay Islamic state that facilitated trade interactions btwn Chinese merchants and Malay people

• increased wealth through taxation

Kashgar and Samarkand

trade towns in Central Asia known for caravanserais

Diasporic Community

People move to another area but retain their own culture

Xuanzang

a Chinese Buddhist monk, traveled throughout the Tang Dynasty and into India to understand how Buddhism was practiced in diff. parts of Asia

Marco Polo

merchant from Venice, made his way to China and back to Europe

Ibn Battuta

a Islamic traveler who journeyed through Africa, the Middle East, and Asia during the 14th century, documenting his experiences.

Margery Kempe

a medieval English mystic and writer, known for her pilgrimage to Jerusalem and other holy sites, chronicling her spiritual journey in the "Book of Margery Kempe."

Zheng He

Sent by Mings to enroll states in China’s tributary system

Spread Chinas maritime advancements to other places