Descriptive and Inferential Statistics (English)

English for Data Science

Descriptive Statistics

Measures used to describe the main features of a collection of data precisely and quantitatively.

Inferential Statistics

Measures used to make predictions or draw conclusions about a population based on a sample.

Population

Any complete group with at least one characteristic in common.

Sample

A subset of the population, chosen for observation and analysis.

Parameter

value summarizing a characteristic of an entire population.

Statistic

A numerical summary describing a sample characteristic.

Confidence Interval

A range within which a population parameter lies, with a certain level of confidence.

Hypothesis Testing

A procedure for testing an assumption about a population parameter.

P-value

The probability of obtaining the observed result, or one more extreme, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Significance Level (α)

The probability threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis in a statistical test.

Bias

A systematic error that skews results in a certain direction, often unintentional.

Random Sampling

A method of selecting a sample where each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen.