AAPC Fundamentals of Medicine (Ch. 09)

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199 Terms

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Mouth

Associated structures: lips, soft and hard palates, teeth, gums, tongue, salivary glands

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Mouth

Performs two main functions: speech, digestion

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Mouth

Digestive process begins when food enters the mouth

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Mouth

Teeth and tongue break up food into small particles

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Mouth

Salivary glands secrete saliva and enzymes that aid in digestion

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Mouth

Tongue mixes saliva with food and keeps food pressed against the teeth for chewing, pushing it backwards to swallow

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Teeth

Categories of teeth: incisors, cuspids, molars

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Incisors

Front of the mouth, shaped like chisels, used in biting off large pieces, 8 total (4 top, 4 bottom)

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Cuspids

Point teeth immediately behind incisors, known as canines, used for grasping or tearing, 4 total (2 top, 2 bottom)

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Molars

Flattened teeth used for grinding food, located at the farthest back in the mouth, number can vary

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Cleft lip and/or palate

Congenital condition resulting from abnormal facial development in gestation, causing fissure, gap, or opening deformity, affecting lip, soft palate, hard palate, or nasal cavities, can be corrected with surgery

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Pharynx

5” tube immediately behind the mouth, serves as an airway and passageway for food, aids in the closure of the nasopharynx and larynx when swallowing to keep food out of the respiratory tract

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Dysphagia

Swallowing disorder that causes impairment of the movement of solids or fluids from the mouth, down the throat, and into the stomach, can affect caloric intake and nutritional status, may make individual susceptible to pneumonia when substances are inhaled into lungs

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Esophagus

Long, straight tube about 10” long, descends from pharynx, passes through diaphragm, continues into stomach

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Esophagus

Diaphragm: muscular and membranous partition separating chest cavity from abdominal cavity, peristalsis moves food to stomach

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Barrett’s esophagus

Abnormal growth of stomach or intestinal cells at the distal end of the esophagus, leads to cancer of the lower esophagus, may develop due to chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

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Esophagitis

Inflammation of the esophagus lining, can cause problems with swallowing, ulcers, scarring, caused by infection or irritation (candida, herpes, medications like aspirin or NSAIDs)

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Esophageal varices

Extremely dilated submucosal veins in the lower esophagus, mostly caused by portal hypertension, strong tendency to bleed

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Mallory-Weiss tear

Occurs in mucous membrane of esophagus where it connects to stomach, usually caused by forceful vomiting or coughing, or epileptic convulsions, may cause vomiting bright red blood

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Stomach

Large chamber receiving solids, semisolids, and liquids from esophagus, has four main parts: cardia, fundus, body (corpus gastricum), antrum (pylorus), digests food and passes chyme into duodenum (upper part of small intestine)

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Gastritis

Acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach, commonly caused by H. pylori, can lead to ulcers or cancer

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Peptic ulcer disease

Sores or openings in the stomach or duodenum lining, commonly caused by H. pylori infections or prolonged NSAID use

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Small Intestines

Coiled muscular tube occupying central and lower abdomen, divided into three portions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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Duodenum

First portion, about 10” long, connected to stomach, small ducts from pancreas, liver, and gallbladder open into it via ampulla of Vater

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Jejunum

Middle portion, about 7.5 feet long

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Ileum

Last and longest portion, about 12 feet long, most absorption of food happens here, connected to large intestine

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Large Intestines

The colon, plus rectum and anal canal, about 5 feet long and 2.5 inches in diameter, absorbs water as food material travels through and is eliminated

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Large Intestines

Stores unabsorbed food material, begins at ileocecal valve, with appendix attached at bottom, has four portions: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid pelvic

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Crohn’s disease

Chronic inflammatory process of the bowel, often leads to fibrosis and obstructive symptoms, can affect any part of the GI tract, most commonly small bowel (terminal ileum)

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Diverticulosis

Pouches or projections (diverticula) in colon wall, most frequent in sigmoid colon, can cause discomfort, diarrhea, or constipation

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Diverticulitis

Inflammation and infection of diverticular pockets, can cause severe tenderness, fever, bleeding, and perforation

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Group of inflammatory conditions, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Also known as spastic colon, affects large intestine, results in changing bowel patterns with constipation and pain

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Meckle’s diverticulum

Congenital condition, remnant from yolk sac to small intestine, may contain gastric or pancreatic tissue, often asymptomatic

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Ulcerative colitis

Chronic inflammatory disorder causing inflammation and sores in rectum and colon, results in diarrhea and bleeding

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Hemorrhoids

Dilated or enlarged varicose veins in anal canal or rectum, may prolapse or become thrombosed

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Anal fissures

Tears in mucosa of anal canal due to large stools or childbirth, can cause pain and bleeding

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Anal fistulas

Tiny channels that develop due to infection or abscess, have openings in anal canal and perianal skin, rectum, bladder, or vagina

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Liver

Second largest organ in the body, located in upper right abdomen, beneath diaphragm, has four lobes: right, left, quadrate, caudate, produces bile salts for fat emulsification, can regenerate

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Pancreas

Soft, oblong gland about 6” long, beneath stomach, has 5 parts: head, neck, body, tail, uncinate process, produces digestive enzymes and insulin

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Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas, can be acute or chronic, often caused by alcohol, gallbladder disease, certain drugs, or high triglyceride levels

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Gallbladder

Sac-like structure attached to liver, serves as bile reservoir, empties bile into duodenum via cystic ducts

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Alimentary limb

Created during GI surgeries, accepts incoming food

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Ampulla of Vater

Opening in duodenum where pancreatic and bile ducts release into intestines

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Anoscopy

Procedure to scope the anus

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Antimesenteric

Part of the intestine that lies opposite the mesenteric attachment

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Appendiceal orifice

Opening of appendix which leads to cecum

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Bariatric surgery

Gastric restrictive procedures to treat morbid obesity

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Barium enema

Radiographic contract medium enhanced examination of the colon

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Biliary

Gallbladder, bile, or bile duct

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Biliopancreatic

Bile and pancreatic fluids

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Biliopancreatic limb

Created during gastric surgeries, located at beginning of small intestine

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Buccal

Pertaining to cheek

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Calculus

Concretion of mineral salts, also called a stone

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Cholangiogram

Radiographic imaging of bile ducts

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Cholangiopancreatography

Radiographic recording of biliary system and pancreas

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Colectomy

Excision of part of colon

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Cholecystectomy

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

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Cholelithiasis

Gallstones

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Cholecystoenterostomy

Creation of a connection between the gallbladder and intestine

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Crohn’s disease

Regional enteritis

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Dentate line

Line which divides upper two-thirds and lower third of anal canal

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Duodenography

Radiographic recording of the duodenum

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Enteroenterostomy

Anastomosis between one part of small bowel and another part of small bowel, used to restore bowel continuity after resection of bowel segment

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Enterolysis

Releasing of adhesions of intestine

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Epigastrium

Part of the abdomen between the bottom of the rib cage and belly button

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Epiglottidectomy

Excision of covering of larynx

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Esophageal

Pertaining to esophagus

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Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Scoping of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

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Eventration of intestines

Protrusion of intestines through abdominal wall

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Evisceration

Pulling the viscera outside of the body through incision

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Exenteration

Major operation during which an organ and its adjacent structures are removed

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Exstrophy

Condition in which the bladder is turned inside out

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Exteriorization

Expose an internal structure outside the body for observation, surgery, or experimentation, such as creating passage from bladder to abdominal wall

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Femoral hernia

Intestines protrude along femoral canal

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Fundoplasty

Repair of the bottom of an organ or muscle

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Gastrojejunal anastomosis

Surgical procedure in which a connection is made between the stomach and the proximal loop of the jejunum

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Gastrostomy

Surgical opening made between stomach and abdominal wall

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Hematemesis

Vomiting blood

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Hemicolectomy

Surgical removal of half the colon

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Ileocolic arcade

Loops of arteries around the jejunum and ileum

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Ileostomy

Artificial opening between ileum and abdominal wall

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Incarcerated

Constricted irreducible hernia that may obstruct organ it is contained within

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Intussusception

Slipping of one part of intestine into another part

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Jejunostomy

Artificial opening between jejunum and abdominal wall

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Lumbar hernia

Posterior abdominal wall or retroperitoneal outpouching occurring between 12th rib and iliac crest

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Marsupialization

Procedure that creates an exterior pouch from an internal abscess

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Mesenteric

Fold of membrane that attaches intestine to abdominal wall

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Monitored anesthesia care (MAC)

Conscious sedation, where patient remains aware of their surroundings yet still remains calm, constantly monitored by anesthesiologist

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Mucosal incision

Incision into mucosal layer of hollow organ wall

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Nasogastric tube

Feeding/medication tube to the stomach through the nose

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Digestive system

Consists of the alimentary tract (digestive tract) and its accessory organs

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alimentary/digestive tract

Long, hollow, muscular tube beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus; includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines and large intestines; and accessory organs like salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gallbladder

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abdomin/o

abdomen, abdominal

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an/o

anus

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appendic/o

appendix

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bil/i

bile

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bilirubin/o

bilirubin, bile pigment

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bucc/o

cheek