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Digestive
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Mouth
Associated structures: lips, soft and hard palates, teeth, gums, tongue, salivary glands
Mouth
Performs two main functions: speech, digestion
Mouth
Digestive process begins when food enters the mouth
Mouth
Teeth and tongue break up food into small particles
Mouth
Salivary glands secrete saliva and enzymes that aid in digestion
Mouth
Tongue mixes saliva with food and keeps food pressed against the teeth for chewing, pushing it backwards to swallow
Teeth
Categories of teeth: incisors, cuspids, molars
Incisors
Front of the mouth, shaped like chisels, used in biting off large pieces, 8 total (4 top, 4 bottom)
Cuspids
Point teeth immediately behind incisors, known as canines, used for grasping or tearing, 4 total (2 top, 2 bottom)
Molars
Flattened teeth used for grinding food, located at the farthest back in the mouth, number can vary
Cleft lip and/or palate
Congenital condition resulting from abnormal facial development in gestation, causing fissure, gap, or opening deformity, affecting lip, soft palate, hard palate, or nasal cavities, can be corrected with surgery
Pharynx
5” tube immediately behind the mouth, serves as an airway and passageway for food, aids in the closure of the nasopharynx and larynx when swallowing to keep food out of the respiratory tract
Dysphagia
Swallowing disorder that causes impairment of the movement of solids or fluids from the mouth, down the throat, and into the stomach, can affect caloric intake and nutritional status, may make individual susceptible to pneumonia when substances are inhaled into lungs
Esophagus
Long, straight tube about 10” long, descends from pharynx, passes through diaphragm, continues into stomach
Esophagus
Diaphragm: muscular and membranous partition separating chest cavity from abdominal cavity, peristalsis moves food to stomach
Barrett’s esophagus
Abnormal growth of stomach or intestinal cells at the distal end of the esophagus, leads to cancer of the lower esophagus, may develop due to chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Esophagitis
Inflammation of the esophagus lining, can cause problems with swallowing, ulcers, scarring, caused by infection or irritation (candida, herpes, medications like aspirin or NSAIDs)
Esophageal varices
Extremely dilated submucosal veins in the lower esophagus, mostly caused by portal hypertension, strong tendency to bleed
Mallory-Weiss tear
Occurs in mucous membrane of esophagus where it connects to stomach, usually caused by forceful vomiting or coughing, or epileptic convulsions, may cause vomiting bright red blood
Stomach
Large chamber receiving solids, semisolids, and liquids from esophagus, has four main parts: cardia, fundus, body (corpus gastricum), antrum (pylorus), digests food and passes chyme into duodenum (upper part of small intestine)
Gastritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach, commonly caused by H. pylori, can lead to ulcers or cancer
Peptic ulcer disease
Sores or openings in the stomach or duodenum lining, commonly caused by H. pylori infections or prolonged NSAID use
Small Intestines
Coiled muscular tube occupying central and lower abdomen, divided into three portions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Duodenum
First portion, about 10” long, connected to stomach, small ducts from pancreas, liver, and gallbladder open into it via ampulla of Vater
Jejunum
Middle portion, about 7.5 feet long
Ileum
Last and longest portion, about 12 feet long, most absorption of food happens here, connected to large intestine
Large Intestines
The colon, plus rectum and anal canal, about 5 feet long and 2.5 inches in diameter, absorbs water as food material travels through and is eliminated
Large Intestines
Stores unabsorbed food material, begins at ileocecal valve, with appendix attached at bottom, has four portions: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid pelvic
Crohn’s disease
Chronic inflammatory process of the bowel, often leads to fibrosis and obstructive symptoms, can affect any part of the GI tract, most commonly small bowel (terminal ileum)
Diverticulosis
Pouches or projections (diverticula) in colon wall, most frequent in sigmoid colon, can cause discomfort, diarrhea, or constipation
Diverticulitis
Inflammation and infection of diverticular pockets, can cause severe tenderness, fever, bleeding, and perforation
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Group of inflammatory conditions, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Also known as spastic colon, affects large intestine, results in changing bowel patterns with constipation and pain
Meckle’s diverticulum
Congenital condition, remnant from yolk sac to small intestine, may contain gastric or pancreatic tissue, often asymptomatic
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammatory disorder causing inflammation and sores in rectum and colon, results in diarrhea and bleeding
Hemorrhoids
Dilated or enlarged varicose veins in anal canal or rectum, may prolapse or become thrombosed
Anal fissures
Tears in mucosa of anal canal due to large stools or childbirth, can cause pain and bleeding
Anal fistulas
Tiny channels that develop due to infection or abscess, have openings in anal canal and perianal skin, rectum, bladder, or vagina
Liver
Second largest organ in the body, located in upper right abdomen, beneath diaphragm, has four lobes: right, left, quadrate, caudate, produces bile salts for fat emulsification, can regenerate
Pancreas
Soft, oblong gland about 6” long, beneath stomach, has 5 parts: head, neck, body, tail, uncinate process, produces digestive enzymes and insulin
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas, can be acute or chronic, often caused by alcohol, gallbladder disease, certain drugs, or high triglyceride levels
Gallbladder
Sac-like structure attached to liver, serves as bile reservoir, empties bile into duodenum via cystic ducts
Alimentary limb
Created during GI surgeries, accepts incoming food
Ampulla of Vater
Opening in duodenum where pancreatic and bile ducts release into intestines
Anoscopy
Procedure to scope the anus
Antimesenteric
Part of the intestine that lies opposite the mesenteric attachment
Appendiceal orifice
Opening of appendix which leads to cecum
Bariatric surgery
Gastric restrictive procedures to treat morbid obesity
Barium enema
Radiographic contract medium enhanced examination of the colon
Biliary
Gallbladder, bile, or bile duct
Biliopancreatic
Bile and pancreatic fluids
Biliopancreatic limb
Created during gastric surgeries, located at beginning of small intestine
Buccal
Pertaining to cheek
Calculus
Concretion of mineral salts, also called a stone
Cholangiogram
Radiographic imaging of bile ducts
Cholangiopancreatography
Radiographic recording of biliary system and pancreas
Colectomy
Excision of part of colon
Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones
Cholecystoenterostomy
Creation of a connection between the gallbladder and intestine
Crohn’s disease
Regional enteritis
Dentate line
Line which divides upper two-thirds and lower third of anal canal
Duodenography
Radiographic recording of the duodenum
Enteroenterostomy
Anastomosis between one part of small bowel and another part of small bowel, used to restore bowel continuity after resection of bowel segment
Enterolysis
Releasing of adhesions of intestine
Epigastrium
Part of the abdomen between the bottom of the rib cage and belly button
Epiglottidectomy
Excision of covering of larynx
Esophageal
Pertaining to esophagus
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Scoping of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
Eventration of intestines
Protrusion of intestines through abdominal wall
Evisceration
Pulling the viscera outside of the body through incision
Exenteration
Major operation during which an organ and its adjacent structures are removed
Exstrophy
Condition in which the bladder is turned inside out
Exteriorization
Expose an internal structure outside the body for observation, surgery, or experimentation, such as creating passage from bladder to abdominal wall
Femoral hernia
Intestines protrude along femoral canal
Fundoplasty
Repair of the bottom of an organ or muscle
Gastrojejunal anastomosis
Surgical procedure in which a connection is made between the stomach and the proximal loop of the jejunum
Gastrostomy
Surgical opening made between stomach and abdominal wall
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood
Hemicolectomy
Surgical removal of half the colon
Ileocolic arcade
Loops of arteries around the jejunum and ileum
Ileostomy
Artificial opening between ileum and abdominal wall
Incarcerated
Constricted irreducible hernia that may obstruct organ it is contained within
Intussusception
Slipping of one part of intestine into another part
Jejunostomy
Artificial opening between jejunum and abdominal wall
Lumbar hernia
Posterior abdominal wall or retroperitoneal outpouching occurring between 12th rib and iliac crest
Marsupialization
Procedure that creates an exterior pouch from an internal abscess
Mesenteric
Fold of membrane that attaches intestine to abdominal wall
Monitored anesthesia care (MAC)
Conscious sedation, where patient remains aware of their surroundings yet still remains calm, constantly monitored by anesthesiologist
Mucosal incision
Incision into mucosal layer of hollow organ wall
Nasogastric tube
Feeding/medication tube to the stomach through the nose
Digestive system
Consists of the alimentary tract (digestive tract) and its accessory organs
alimentary/digestive tract
Long, hollow, muscular tube beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus; includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines and large intestines; and accessory organs like salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gallbladder
abdomin/o
abdomen, abdominal
an/o
anus
appendic/o
appendix
bil/i
bile
bilirubin/o
bilirubin, bile pigment
bucc/o
cheek