Body structure and function chapter 1 notes

Anatomy

the study of body structure, which includes size, shape, composition, and perhaps even coloration

physiology

the study of how the body functions

pathophysiology

the study of disorders of body structure/ body structure functioning, and a knowledge of normal physiology that makes such disorders easier to understand. it is the study of disease as they are related to functioning

two type of chemicals

inorganic and organic

Inorganic chemicals

are simple molecules made of one or two elements other than carbon (EX. Water or H20; salts, oxygen)

Organic Chemicals

contains carbon and hydrogen (Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Cells

smallest living units of structure and function; made of chemicals and complete specific chemical reactions

Tissue

group of cells with similar structure and function. There are four groups.

Epithelial tissue

cover or line body surfaces k

Connective tissue

connect and support parts of the body; some transport and store materials Ex: blood, bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue

Muscle Tissue

specialized for contraction, which brings about movement Ex: skeletal muscles and heart

Organs

organ is a group of tissues precisely arranged so as to accomplish specific functions Ex: heart, lungs, kidneys, etc.

Organ Systems

group of organs that all contribute and work together for a particular function. EX: urinary system, digestive system

Integumentary system

protects the body by serving as a barrier to pathogens and chemicals

prevents excessive water loss

Integumentary

skin, subcutaneous tissue

Skeletal system

supports the body

protects internal organs and red bone marrow

provides a framework to be moved by muscles

Skeletal

bones, ligaments

Muscular system

moves the skeleton or other body parts

produces heat

Muscular

muscles, tendons

Nervous

interprets sensory information and decides how to use it

regulates body functions, such as movement, by means of electrochemical impulses

Nervous

brain, spinal cords, nerves, eyes, ears

Endocrine system

regulates body functions, such as growth and reproduction, by means of hormones

regulates day to day metabolism by means of hormones

Endocrine

thyroid gland, pituitary gland, ovaries or testes, pancreas

Circulatory system

transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products

circulatory

heart, blood, arteries, veins

lymphatic system

returns tissue fluid to the blood

destroys pathogens that enter the body and provides immunity

lymphatic

spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland

respiratory system

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood

respiratory

lungs, trachea, larynx, diaphragm

Digestive system

changes food into simple chemicals that can be absorbed and used by the ody

Digestive

stomach, colon, liver, pancreas

Urinary system

removes waste products from the blood

regulates volume and pH of blood and tissue fluid

Urinary

kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra

Reproductive system

produces eggs or sperm

in women, provides a site for the developing embryo/fetus

Reproductive

Female: ovaries, uterus

Male: testes, prostate gland

Metabolism

all chemical reactions and physical processes that take place within the body

Metabolic Rate

used to mean the speed at which the body produces energy and heat

Homeostasis

reflects the ability of the body to maintain relative stable metabolism and to function normally despite constant changes

changes may be external or internal

Antebrachial

forearm

Antecubital

front of elbow

Axillary

armpitb

brachial

upper arm

buccal

mouth

cardiac

heart

cervical

neck

cranial

head

cutaneous

skin

deltoid

shoulder

femoral

thigh

frontal

forehead

gastric

stomach

gluteal

buttocks

hepatic

liver

iliac

hiping

inguinal

groin

lumbar

small of back

mammary

breast

nasal

nose

occipital

back of head

orbital

eye

parietal

crown of head

patellar

kneecap

pectoral

chest

pedal

foot

perineal

pelvic floor

plantar

sole of foot

popliteal

back of knee

pulmonary

lungs

renal

kidney

sacral

base of spine

scapular

shoulder blade

sternal

breastbone

temporal

side of head

umbilical

navel

volar (palmar)

palm

superior

above or higherid

inferior

below or lower

anterior

towards the front

posterior

towards the back

ventral

toward the front

dorsal

toward the back

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midlinein

internal

within, or interior to

external

outside, or exterior to

superficial

toward the surface

deep

within, or interior to

central

the main part

peripheral

extending from the main part

proximal

closer to the origin

distal

farther from the origin

parietal

pertaining to the wall of a cavity

visceral

pertaining to the organs within a cavity

Anatomic position

standing facing forward, arms at the sides with palms forward, and the feet slightly apart

plane

what is an imaginary flat surface that separates two portions of the body or an organ

Frontal section

side to side separates the body into front and back portions

sagittal section

a plane from front to back separates the body into right and left portions

cross-section

a plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ. a cross section of the small intestine (which is a tube) would look like a circle with the cavity of the intestine in the center

Logitudinal section

a plane along the long axis of an organ

Transverse section

a horizontal plane seperates the body into upper and lower portion