Exam 2- Health Psychology

Instrumental social Support

provisionals of material support such as services, financial assistance or goods

Informational social support

Suggestions for addressing a challenge or situation

Emotional Support

Expression of caring, concern, and comfort

Matching Hypothesis (Cohen & Wills)

That social support is most effective when its tailored to the specific needs of a person experiencing stress

Structural support

the existence of interconnections among different social relationships and roles

Functional support

Functions provided by or perceived to be available in the social relationship

Quality support

the positive and negative aspects of social relationships

Berkman & Syme 1979

Association with decreased mortality risk between social networks, those who had more social relationships were less likely to die in the nine-year follow up

Received support

The amount of support accused by an individual

perceived support

the amount of support appraised to be available

Social isolation

We have minimal contact with other people (objective)

loneliness

its a subjective feeling of isolation

Host Lunstad & Smith

Social isolation and loneliness were associated with 29-69 % risk of death not correlated with each other

Brown 2003- Social support

initially giving emotional support to spouse would lower mortality risk

Direct effect hypothesis

social ties proved protection during stressful and non-stressful times

Buffering Hypotheis

Social support acts like a protection shield helping people cope with stressful situation by lessening their negative impact

Cognitive appraisial

people in our lives help us praise ourselves in cognitive way that are less stressful

Health Behavior

Social support improves this by excersing more diet,

Adherence

Adhering to our medical providers and recommendations “mediator models”

Psychonuermmological pathways

The psychological state impacts what’s going on in the neuro system and immune system

Cohen

measured social networks, those who had low were subjected to more colds, then those with high social networks were less likely to develop colds

Lepore 1993

Participants were asked to deliver a speech, (buffering hypothesis) people who had a lower chance of blood pressure when they had a supportive confederate smiling and nodding

Coan 2006

Those who had the most experience with stress was the one holding no one hand, and they became least active when holding their spouses hand

Tend and Befriend Taylor, 2000

Females responseO to stress may be different than male’s socially its been mothers who invest more time in offspring, they affected with other people

Oxytocin Detillion 2004

Admiration of oxytocin and afflicted behavior through hamsters, they would wound it and socially isolate the hamster, and pair-house them. socially isolated had higher levels

Control

the extent on which we have control on our environment and our stressors

Visintainer 1982

Rats implanted with tumors, escape condition and inescapable condition, the escapable condition rejected the tumor more.

Intervention studes- langer & Rodin, 1976

Those who had more control and were given more choices led to better happiness and health outcomes

perceived control

Its our sense that we have control in our lives

Infuma & Gersef (2014)

They measured perceived control that was mediated through physical activity which led to better health

Extraversion

outgoing, confident

Agreeableness

friendliness, kindness, “go with the flow”

Conscientiousness

the extent which people are responsible achievement oriented

Openness

mean being creative and imaginative and likes to do different things

Health Behavior model

personality related to health behavior

Friedman, 1995,

people who were high in childhood conscientiousness led to low smoking and alcohol use in adulthood

Disease-caused personality changes

diease can effect personality changes

Stress moderation

personality traits effect our psychological response to stress

Situation Selection

personality can affect the situation which can lead to health

Social relationships

personality with social relationships are a major factor

Hardiness

Being resilient in the face of stress can affect cognitive appraisal events

Commitment

Emotionally invested in what they do find meaning in what they do

Control

High control has an effect on their outcomes

Challenge

Those who have high challenges sees it as an opportunity to learn and grow

Kobasa 1982

Higher levels of hardiness related to lower levels of illness

Explanatory style

How we explain the causes and future outcomes that happen to us

Internality

making internal attribution for bad outcomes

Externality

making external attributions such as situations

Stability

this always happens it’ll never get better

Instability

it always this one time

Gloablity

my life is bad its going to spread in other parts of life

Specificity

this area of my life isn’t going well, our thoughts are presiding in one area

Peterson

Making more global attributions were highly associated with the cause of death

Optimism

Tendency to believe that one will generally experience good outcomes vs. bad outcomes

Schiler

The participants who were optimistic before the survey recovered faster

Unrealistic optimism

people are so optimistic that they create good outcomes without doing anything

Defensive pessimism

people don’t expect good outcomes, they’ll take more protective measures

Type A

competitie, hurried, hostile, tense, people with these certain personality traits will lead to heart disease

Hostility

high hostility leads to an increase risk of heart disease and death

Intervention Type A and hostility Fredmen

the people with the cardio training and type A training reduce the risk of heart disease by 12.9 percent

Davidson

The people who have heart disease, and were treated spend less time in the hospital

Problem focused coping

Actions taken to change a stressful situation or reduce its effects

Emotional- focused coping

we aren’t focusing on the cause of our stress but just trying to reduce distress emotions

Approach coping

Are taking there emotions head on and dealing with it

Avoidance coping

Ignoring or denying the problem

Religiosity

how religious someone is, religious attendance, finding length and comfort from one’s religious beliefs

McCulllough

Associated with better health outcomes, lower mortality risk, moderation public vs, private religious

pennebaker & Susman 1988

Life changes that are kept secret create a stronger link to health problems moderator; whether for not that disclosed this with someone

Pennebaker & Beall

write about trauma or superficial topic, which led to fewer doctor visits, enhanced immune functioning

Smyth

medium

Frattaloi

small

Gratitude

gratitude created phsiological and physical well being Emmons & McCullough

Excerise- Blumenthal 1999

they all had the same serious reduction, the the participants less likely to relapse was the ones I exercise condition

Mindfulness

focus on and are of current thoughts, stronger immune functions and lower blood pressure

Self- affirmation

proactive affirmation of values, lowers physiological response to stress

Sherman, 2009

The participants who wrote about personal values before the exam lowered their physiological response to stress

Positive emotional states

related to better mental and physical health

Humor

1. physiological changes in the systems of the body

2. indexing positive emotional states

3. moderation adverse effect of stress on health

4. increasing social support