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Instrumental social Support
provisionals of material support such as services, financial assistance or goods
Informational social support
Suggestions for addressing a challenge or situation
Emotional Support
Expression of caring, concern, and comfort
Matching Hypothesis (Cohen & Wills)
That social support is most effective when its tailored to the specific needs of a person experiencing stress
Structural support
the existence of interconnections among different social relationships and roles
Functional support
Functions provided by or perceived to be available in the social relationship
Quality support
the positive and negative aspects of social relationships
Berkman & Syme 1979
Association with decreased mortality risk between social networks, those who had more social relationships were less likely to die in the nine-year follow up
Received support
The amount of support accused by an individual
perceived support
the amount of support appraised to be available
Social isolation
We have minimal contact with other people (objective)
loneliness
its a subjective feeling of isolation
Host Lunstad & Smith
Social isolation and loneliness were associated with 29-69 % risk of death not correlated with each other
Brown 2003- Social support
initially giving emotional support to spouse would lower mortality risk
Direct effect hypothesis
social ties proved protection during stressful and non-stressful times
Buffering Hypotheis
Social support acts like a protection shield helping people cope with stressful situation by lessening their negative impact
Cognitive appraisial
people in our lives help us praise ourselves in cognitive way that are less stressful
Health Behavior
Social support improves this by excersing more diet,
Adherence
Adhering to our medical providers and recommendations âmediator modelsâ
Psychonuermmological pathways
The psychological state impacts whatâs going on in the neuro system and immune system
Cohen
measured social networks, those who had low were subjected to more colds, then those with high social networks were less likely to develop colds
Lepore 1993
Participants were asked to deliver a speech, (buffering hypothesis) people who had a lower chance of blood pressure when they had a supportive confederate smiling and nodding
Coan 2006
Those who had the most experience with stress was the one holding no one hand, and they became least active when holding their spouses hand
Tend and Befriend Taylor, 2000
Females responseO to stress may be different than maleâs socially its been mothers who invest more time in offspring, they affected with other people
Oxytocin Detillion 2004
Admiration of oxytocin and afflicted behavior through hamsters, they would wound it and socially isolate the hamster, and pair-house them. socially isolated had higher levels
Control
the extent on which we have control on our environment and our stressors
Visintainer 1982
Rats implanted with tumors, escape condition and inescapable condition, the escapable condition rejected the tumor more.
Intervention studes- langer & Rodin, 1976
Those who had more control and were given more choices led to better happiness and health outcomes
perceived control
Its our sense that we have control in our lives
Infuma & Gersef (2014)
They measured perceived control that was mediated through physical activity which led to better health
Extraversion
outgoing, confident
Agreeableness
friendliness, kindness, âgo with the flowâ
Conscientiousness
the extent which people are responsible achievement oriented
Openness
mean being creative and imaginative and likes to do different things
Health Behavior model
personality related to health behavior
Friedman, 1995,
people who were high in childhood conscientiousness led to low smoking and alcohol use in adulthood
Disease-caused personality changes
diease can effect personality changes
Stress moderation
personality traits effect our psychological response to stress
Situation Selection
personality can affect the situation which can lead to health
Social relationships
personality with social relationships are a major factor
Hardiness
Being resilient in the face of stress can affect cognitive appraisal events
Commitment
Emotionally invested in what they do find meaning in what they do
Control
High control has an effect on their outcomes
Challenge
Those who have high challenges sees it as an opportunity to learn and grow
Kobasa 1982
Higher levels of hardiness related to lower levels of illness
Explanatory style
How we explain the causes and future outcomes that happen to us
Internality
making internal attribution for bad outcomes
Externality
making external attributions such as situations
Stability
this always happens itâll never get better
Instability
it always this one time
Gloablity
my life is bad its going to spread in other parts of life
Specificity
this area of my life isnât going well, our thoughts are presiding in one area
Peterson
Making more global attributions were highly associated with the cause of death
Optimism
Tendency to believe that one will generally experience good outcomes vs. bad outcomes
Schiler
The participants who were optimistic before the survey recovered faster
Unrealistic optimism
people are so optimistic that they create good outcomes without doing anything
Defensive pessimism
people donât expect good outcomes, theyâll take more protective measures
Type A
competitie, hurried, hostile, tense, people with these certain personality traits will lead to heart disease
Hostility
high hostility leads to an increase risk of heart disease and death
Intervention Type A and hostility Fredmen
the people with the cardio training and type A training reduce the risk of heart disease by 12.9 percent
Davidson
The people who have heart disease, and were treated spend less time in the hospital
Problem focused coping
Actions taken to change a stressful situation or reduce its effects
Emotional- focused coping
we arenât focusing on the cause of our stress but just trying to reduce distress emotions
Approach coping
Are taking there emotions head on and dealing with it
Avoidance coping
Ignoring or denying the problem
Religiosity
how religious someone is, religious attendance, finding length and comfort from oneâs religious beliefs
McCulllough
Associated with better health outcomes, lower mortality risk, moderation public vs, private religious
pennebaker & Susman 1988
Life changes that are kept secret create a stronger link to health problems moderator; whether for not that disclosed this with someone
Pennebaker & Beall
write about trauma or superficial topic, which led to fewer doctor visits, enhanced immune functioning
Smyth
medium
Frattaloi
small
Gratitude
gratitude created phsiological and physical well being Emmons & McCullough
Excerise- Blumenthal 1999
they all had the same serious reduction, the the participants less likely to relapse was the ones I exercise condition
Mindfulness
focus on and are of current thoughts, stronger immune functions and lower blood pressure
Self- affirmation
proactive affirmation of values, lowers physiological response to stress
Sherman, 2009
The participants who wrote about personal values before the exam lowered their physiological response to stress
Positive emotional states
related to better mental and physical health
Humor
physiological changes in the systems of the body
indexing positive emotional states
moderation adverse effect of stress on health
increasing social support
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