human geography (paper 2 ) case studys

Location of lympstone

• South-west England, south of Exeter

• Estuary (1.5km wide) In a valley

• Seasonal tourism

Built environment of lympstone

Train line, modernised homes

• Low-order shops

• New houses on cliffs

• Centre of village is protected (village protects architecter)

Physical geography of lympstone

Flat land, estuary, seanic

• Estuary of the river Exe

• In the outlet of Wooten Brook between cliffs of red breccia

Culture of lympstone

Church, pub, very traditional

• Based of the Christian year (Christmas, Easter etc)

• 66% are Christian

Demography of lympstone

Older

• Mainly 16-64 (55.6%)

• White population (99%)

Socio-economic of lympstone

Local shops, link to the M5, fishing

• Average household of 2.3

• 4% have bad health, 14% have no formal qualifications

• 66% own there houses

• 57% aren’t deprived in any way, 32% are only deprived in one factor

Political of lympstone

Quite, very peaceful

• Parish council with 11 voted leaders (focus on local matters)

• 1 elected mp with surrounding villages

History of lympstone

1. Established = founded by Saxons, then Norman’s, gave area french families

2. 13th century = small port town administer by Exeter,, costal and cross Chanel links

3. 19th century = a ship-buliding town but as ships wiped this stopped, used for the fishing industry (cod and wales)

4. 1840’s =weathy families visit, expanded for visitors (still small), live by the sea

5. 1861 = rail line built connecting lympstone, expanded shellfish market, access to Exeter

6. 20th century. = became dormentry settlement for Exeter, still as strong community

Met offices and uni of Exeter - lympstone

• 1400 employed by met, 5500 by university

• Russel group uni (more people drawn), attracts more knowledge and reaserch

• Supercomputer (most powerful of its kind) in met office, attracts people to Exeter

• More advancement here through the opening of space weather operations), opportunity to earn £125,000+ at the university

Lympstone manor

• Michelin star restraint which uses products from the local area

• £9 million development , £185 per person to dine

• Brought other foodies into the area ( hairy bikers visited on there bbc show)

Location of kelham island

• Located in north-east of Sheffield and the north of England

• The river Donn flows through

Natural characteristics of Kelham island

• On flat land

• The river Donn

Demography of Kelham island

• Working population- near city centre, 32% are 25-29

• 56% male

• Only 1 person with bad health in 2021

Culture of kelham island

• Old factory buildings (grade II listed) renovated into flats

• 86% are white, 85% born in the uk

• 74% have no religion

• Music, arctic monkeys started here, yellow arch studios

Built environment of Kelham island

• Many transport links - roads, bus, train

• 71% flats , some terresed houses mak=jority rent

Political of Kelham island

Labour voted as there local council in 2021

Socio-economic of Kelham island

• Majority in full-time employment (69%)

• Majority are a ‘larger’ employer/ a high managerial position 36%

CITU (sustainable property development) - Kelham island

• Increased people, little kelham attracts business owners and Entrepreneur , boosts the economy - clubs, music attracts students

• Industrial power and solar, attracts sustainability

• Diversity and culture brought into KI

central Quay (student accommodation) - Kelham island

• Draws younger people, more people inn highly qualified jobs = more money in = urbanisation

• More diversity, food markets

• Younger population = more modern ideals (Technilogical development)

Launchpad (eco-farming underground)

• More environmentally aware people living there ,attracts other similar businesses

• Progress the busness by expanding the resources , change culture of the city

• More aware of the idea of climate change - change the morals and culture

Leaf and shoot (food production for 21st centery) - Kelham island

• Fuelling the industry of innovation in business (Luke cabouer wants to go to Kelham for its entrepreneurial spirit) - attracts younger population

• Environmentally friendly improves th culture of KI, not seen as industrial, polluted area but a greener-space with eco-friendly idea

History of Kelham island

1. 1180’s = kelham is formed, industrial roots (corn mill), goat created to carry water, terrace houses for workers, growth of silk,cotton, mill and steal industry

2. 1890’s = new tram system, iron works were demolished and electricity station replaced to power city

3. 1980’s = economic decline, electrostatic station abandoned replaced with museum, declared a industrial area 1985 (more improvements to housing and enviroment)

4. 1997 = yellow arch studios, rehearsal space, recording studios, cemersial activity’s start

5. 2000’s = kelham island community alliance, create safe and enjoyable area, population of 5000

6. 2000 - now = cleaning river bank and regenerating the go it, 2005 Sheffield working women opportunity project , gave support to vulnerable sex workers , post industrial building now flats

Basic info - jembatan besi

• Slum in Jakarta, Indio is a around 4km (north-west of city centre)

• Hemmed in by new developments and Ciliwung river

• Densest population (4000), some stay for generations and others stay for months

Environmental quality - Jembatan besi

Causes heath to be low as they are densely populated, open sewers, no clean water and high levels of air and water pollution

• Government aren’t doing anything to help

Housing conditions - Jembatan Besi

• First homes where made from timber and brick but less structured ones were built on top were made from scrap wood and metal

• Fire is a risk due to overcrowding, use of kerosene (fuel) and electricity suffers from overcrowding-loading

• Narrow alleys and tall buildings, houses have no sunlight but they have neon tubes and bare lights

Income - Jembatan Besi

• Average of $4/day

• Self-employment selling food, hair salons etc (family’s running informal business)

• No protection for the workers as in the in-formal sector

Health - jembatan Besi

• Low levels of sanitation, the few toilets that are there are used for profit, many flow into open sewers

• No clean running water, ground supply’s are polluted

• Water borne disease (cholera) and Malaria due to humidity, spread easily due to over crowdedness

• Air pollution is high = respiratory problems

Education - Jembatan Besi

Little schools (oorley equipped), many families take children out due to them needing money

• Need money so take them out school, but can’t then access higher paying jobs as they don’t have an education

Access to services - Jembatan Besi

• Can’t acccess slum by car as there aren’t any roads, only makeshift paths

• Nearest hospital is a 45 minute walk (costs 3 days wages to see a doctor)

How does inequality effect people - Jembatan Besi

Continues cycle of poverty

• Taken out of school for a lower paying jobs as but then can’t access higher paying ones

• Can’t afford a house in the city so are stuck in the slums

• Can’t garentee income due to job insecurity

• Poorly equipped schools don’t allow a full education

Basic info - Northwood

• In Irvine California with a population of 8624

• Not a tourist location, offers a urban-suburban mix

• 50% white population

Housing conditions - Northwood

• Detached, large houses, long staying residents (91% own homes)

• 25% rent ($3,101 average) adn 75% own ($855,199) 3x the average

Environment quality - Northwood

• Low air pollution (avoids LA smog) , avoids city not full of cars

• High access to peaks and green spaces

• No floods or snow

Access to resources - Northwood

• Have high taxes

• Some resources are limited

Income - Northwood

Average income $113,603/year in 2018 (national average = $63,179)

Health - Northwood

High standards of care, high air quality

Education - Northwood

• 29% have a masters degree or higher

• 37% have a bachelors degree

Access to services - Northwood

• Best schools in USA are found here

• Well established tech-companies

• Easy access to to the beach

• Large amounts of employment opportunity’s in many different sectors

Future of Northwood

• High quality housing, transportation, infrastructure and education

• Regularly features as one of the highest ranking city’s in the USA

Quality and standard of living in Northwood

• Crime rate is 61% lower than the nation

• Vehicle theft 56 : 100,000 , average is 381 : 100,000

• Violent crimes 69 : 100,000 , average 229 : 100,000

• Lots of construction

Basic info - Birmingham

• West Midlands of England

• Links to the M6, M5, M40 and M42 , airport and rail

• 2019 there were 1.1 million residents (2nd largest city in the uk)

• Highly industrial town, in 1970’s faced major deindutrialisation

Birmingham - early year’s

1. Family purchased a royal charter in 1166 and allowed a market

2. Medieval Birmingham = 6 streets, parish council, market. MeTall working was established in the Black Country

3. 1563 = power from water mills, producing non-agricultural products like blades for swords

Birmingham - Industrial Revolution

1. 1700 = population was 15,000, many from rural areas. Middle class emerged and housing areas emerged

2. 1761 = Matthew Bolton opened first factory ‘soho manufactory’ brought 700 jobs

3. 19th century = growth in gun, jewellery, button and brass industry, other industry’s grew.

   Cadbury family opened bornville factory and model village for the workers, other things developed like Lloyds and midlands bank

4. 1838 = London to Birmingham railway opened after the midland terminus opened

Birmingham - 1900 to the 1950’s

1. 1906 = Austin car plant opened in longbridge , influenced other companies to move there

2. 1917 = dunlop tyre companies established a large factory, employeed 10,000 people

3. 1950’s = chemical industry developed with Bakelite being manufactured

In the 20th century Birmingham sustained economic growth, population growth through natural increase as well as immigration.

Large areas of terrace houses for workers n the city and development of the middle class who could commute to work

Birmingham had a white population and employment was male dominated 60% had skilled jobs in the industry (engineeres)

Industrial decline - post-war Birmingham

• From 1970-1983 earning fell from the highest in the uk to the lowest in any region, 1983 unemployment reached 20%

• Oil crisis of 1970’s as countries supported Israel, Saudi Arabia and OPEC decided to stoped exporting oil, caused Birminghams industry’s to suffer as well as TNC’s moving to countries with lower costs

• Some overseas companies did build factory’s in the UK but none went to Birmingham

• 1970’s Labour strikes increased which made Birmingham less attractive to investors

• Slum clearances caused small and medium sized enterprises to leave as n affordable place to be as rents increased

Housing - post-war Birmingham

• Large scale redevelopment after war bombing, 400 tower blocks were built in 1950’s-1960’s. From 1945-1970 81,000 new houses were built these were much better than previous slums

• City centre was mainly cleared of residents and people were moved onto housing estates such as castle vale or moved to diffent towns

• Green belt established which restricted expansion of the city and increased land price

Demography - post-war Birmingham

• 1950’s = Significant migration from the Caribbean, South Asia and far east. Tended too cluster in cheap housing that could easily access employment

• Opening of low-skilled jobs like cleaners, taxi-driers etc

• Mosques and temples were built as well as ethnic shops, resterants, clothing stores and banks

• 38% are 24 or younger

Role of government - birmingham’s regeneration

• The national exhibition centre and expansion of Birmingham airport, attract international conference and exhibition market which gives significant money. (Local)

• City challenge and the single regeneration budget, designed to access funding for redevelopment, Birmingham heartlands development 1992 brought regeneration to old industrial areas, 1999 new deal for communities provide broadband access to improve employment opportunities (national)

• £235 million from EU social investment fund from 2014-2020, European regional development fund ran projects like improving insulation, many of these have stoped due to brexit (international)

Role of planning and flagship development - Birmingham’s regeneration

• More public spaces were created (centenary square and Victoria square), both council house and town hall were refurbished.

• International convention centre and symphony hall opened in 1991, attracts confences internationally as well as nationally, caused hotels resterants and leisure facilities to benefit

• Universities have 50,000 students

• Bull ring redevelopment into europes first major indoor shopping centre

• City’s canals have been ignored but the canal river trust were set up to oversee the canal system

Role of transport - Birmingham’s regeneration

• Railway station (new street) transformed in a £700 million investment and created an area called grand central shops creating 1000 jobs and links to many cities

• HS@, £20 billion phase 1 links London to Birmingham via a high speed railway, included the national and local government

• The multiple motorway links, developed by the national government, though private investment are responsible for creating a toll motorway

• Birmingham development plan guides regeneration until 2031, deals with new homes, jobs, infrastructure and services.

Hitachi rail

• Opened in September 2015 in Newton Aycliffe (northeast england)

• £85 million flow of FDI from japan to the UK

• Since 1980’s Japanese TNC’s invested Healy in the UK, Sunderland (Nissan), Swindon (Honda) etc

• British government have awarded £5.7 billionn to hitachi to build the next generation of inter-city passenger trains in the UK

• Employed 700 people and adds 1000’s of jobs in the factory’s supply chain

Where is silicone valley

• Southern san-Francisco Bay, California

• Centred at Santa Clara valley and town of San Jose

What companies are in silicone valley

• Worlds largest tech companies, Google, Ebay, Apple, Netflix and Visa

• Start up business that are hoping to become larger companies

Importance of venture capital and university’s in Silicon Valley

• ½ of USA’s venture capital is spent in silicone valley

• Links with Stanford university (reaserch together)

Multiplayer effect in silicone valley

Many small business move in hope of being large company’s

Inequality’s in silicone valley

• Most billionaires and millionaires in the religion, however production workers get minimum wage

• Exposed to toxic chemicals, poor health risk (due to production of chemicals)

• Many of low paid jobs are female migrants

Why did Barcelona rebrand

• 1936, Spanish civil ware broke out, taken by nationalists 1939 so Catalan identity and culture was suppressed

• Cities architecture was not well maintained

• Perception of place was of a run-down aging port city

• 19th century industrialisation lead to cramped densely populated housing - caused poor health

Pre-rebranding - La Raval

• Densely populated = overcrowded

• Textile and brick making industry = pollution

• Cheap lodgings attracted immigrants - in search of in formal employment

• Southern Raval = informal employment highlighted crime rates

• Area prone to organised crime, prostitution and drug dealing

Post-rebranding in north La Raval

• Experienced gentrification = enhanced economy

• Flagship cutural buildings such as museum of contemporary arts - improves tourism

• Private uni constructed = well-educated demography and high quaternary employment

• Construction of galleries, wine bars and high-end food

• Con = gentrification raised property prices, pressure for elderly to move out

Post-rebranding in southern La Raval

• More deprived - crowded residential areas and derelict factories remain but there have been efforts to change

• Raval Rambia underwent regeneration in 1995, cost €5 million 80% from EU funding

• 1700 properties demolished for pedestrianised space

• New housing constructed, and student accommodation

• Events such as local festivals and markets held

Barcelona

• Mediterranean cost in north-east Spain, 125km from french border

• In Spanish region of Catalonia

• Population of 1.6 million

• Manufactures textiles, machinery, railway equipment, paper, glass and plastics

• ¼ of Spains export originates from Barcelona (its also a port)

• Receives 7-8 million visitors/year

The Olympic stadium

Total cost of the games was $11.4 billion from investment and sponsorship such as apple and Sony - mainly spent on promoting tourism

How was the Olympic stadium used in 2023-2024

Barcelona football team played here due to Nou camp regeneration = further sponsorship/ tourism

How has the area of the Olympic stadium been used

Home to the music video ‘slow’ (2003) by Kylie Minogue and other sporting/music evens = increased recognition of the area

What did the Olympic Games result to

The costal neigbourhood El Poblenou has been rejuvenated form a industrial, to a attractive modern seaside hub - attracts tourism

Tourism - Olympic stadium

• 1990 (pre-olympics) = 1.7 million

• 2019 = 12 million

Aided the multiplier effect

How has the regeneration of the Olympic stadium improved transport

• Citis ring road (Rondas) designed specifically in 1992 to reduce congestion

• Improved 78km of new roads

• 95% of Olympic investment went into transport and infrastructure

Regeneration in Barcelona

Started by local authorities in 1980 - consisted of 140 small projects, providing better housing, transport, schools and hospitals

Role of culture in rebranding - Barcelona

Specifically architecture helped in the reimagine of barcelona’s culture and identity, portraying the city as vibrant and creative - a product of Catalan heritage

• Sagrada Familia cathedral - architecture of Aotoni Gaudi - recognised as a world heritage site by UNESCO - attracts tourism

• World exhibition in 1929 showcased Barcelonas architecture and Catalan roots, attracting exhibitions and tourism

Refurbishment of public places, such as galleries, resterants and museums give further momentum to rebranding

Role of sport - rebranding in Barcelona

• Hosted 1992 olympics - catalyst for the renovation of run-down areas, and further rebranding development

• Development of club stadium: Nou camp, flagship development capment capable of 98,000 spectators

Role of business - rebranding of Barcelona

Key players in building up Barcelonas reputation for services and invocation. Rebranding aims to attract 21st century business innovation, taking a lead in sustainability and tackling climate change

• World trade centre

• 2014, given the title of ‘European capital of innovation’ by the Eu

Source countries for immigration to the USA

• 2018, 44.7 million immigrants, 13.7% of the total population

• 25% from Mexico, 8% from India, 4% from Philippines and 3.5% from Puerto Rico

Reasons for high levels of immigration

• Positive immigration policy and possibility of obtaining a green card (becoming a permanent resident)

• Point opportunities for both low – and high – skilled workers

• Wage differential and the opportunity to send remittances

• Educational opportunities and access to other services such as health

• The importance of a family reunification within the migration policy

• Policy of refugee admission

Migration policy’s

Immigration and naturalisation act, governs immigration policy - allows a annual worldwide limit of 675,000 permanent immigrants

Patterns of emigration

• Net migration gain, 2018 4.8 million US citizens living abroad

• Many go to Canada, uk, Germany, Australia etc

• Many highly skilled workers in education, IT and communications to countries with historical ties like Canada, uk and the EU

Economic interdependence - USA

• Formation of NAFTA = bilateral trade (US and Mexico), merchandise trade alone accounts for $1.4 billion/day. Mexican industry = development aerospace and IT sectors ,boosted mainly by FDI from the USA

• Low skilled legal workers contribute US economy (agriculture and construction), wages are higher to send remittance which accounted for $25.2 billion of Mexico’s GDP in 2015 bracket (2.2%)

Political interdependence -USA

Power relations are balanced, there has been coordination for corporation over common issues

• Border security, drug trade, human trafficking and environmental issues such as water scar scarcity

Social interdependence - USA

• 2018, 3.5 million migrants from Mexico lived in the USA

• 2010, 738,100 USA migrants lived in Mexico

• They are growing social and cultural connectivity between the two countries

Oppotunitys’s of migration in USA - labour supply

• Migrants take lower paid jobs, 2018 the main employment of the services (29%), natural resource resources, construction and manufacturing (26%), production and transport (21%)

• Also aim to attract highly skilled professionals in the arts, science, education, business or athletics – 2018, the main employment of immigrants from both China (54%), India (76%) was in business or science

Other opportunities created by migration - USA

• Many are young working age, economic and social benefits (as USA have low birth rates)

• Immigrants are consumers so help job creation and business start-up and generate wealth

Challenges made by migration in USA - border control issues

• Around 10.9 million illegal immigrants live in the USA, many from Latin American countries who use the land route using Mexico as a transit country

• US department of homeland security has tightened borders with more border patrol agents

• December 2015, congress passed new immigration bill, strengthening legal mechanisms for refugee security screening and counter-terrorism

Other challenges created by migration in USA

• Uneven progress in the integration of migrants into US society, due to factors such as language, social-economic attainment, political participation and social interactions

• The number of illegal immigrants are a barrier to social cohesion and full economic and political integration

Migration policies - Obama 2009-2017

• 400,000 deported in 2013, mainly at the border

• Increased cooperation with Mexico and Central American countries - 2016

• Improved asylum claims 40% acceptance

• Backlog of claims, 2016 = 500,000, 2024 = 3.5 million

Migration policy’s - Trump 2017-2021

• Title 42, denied any asylum seekers from making a claim (due to Covid)

• Deportation of minors increased

Migration policy - Biden 2021-2025

• Reversed title 42

• 2021-2023, 2.4 million/year net migration

• Allowed humanitarian migration (30,000/year)

• Introduced the CBP one app to book appointments at the boarder

Migration policy - trump 2025 +

• Re-introduced title 42 (no covid excuses though)

• No hearings for asylum seekers

• Involved the military

• Reversed humanitarian migration

• Removed the CBP one app

Brazil

• 7th largest word economy

• Primary industry = 6%, secondary industry = 25% and tertiary industry = 69%

• Declining birth rate and an aging population

• 2014 = World Cup and 2016 = olympics

• An EDC in South America

Patterns of migration in Brazil

• Net migration loss 2000-2014

• Increases in migration between Brazil and neighbouring countries (chillie and Andean states)

• Reduction in low skilled emigrants going to the USA

• Increase in emigration of highly skilled workers to Europe, USA and japan

• Migrants coming form Haiti and African countries

• Internal migration from north-east to city’s in the south-east

Brazils interdependence with Portugal

• Former Portuguese colony, still favours Brazil migrants

• A gateway to the EU, as they have a shared language and ancestry

Brazil’s interdependence with USA

• Low skilled send remittances back, and skilled workers are moving to the US

• Agreement with Brazil regarding agriculture, trade, finance, education and defence

• USAID gives money toward environmental projects (training indigenous people to protect there land from forest fires and forest managment)

Brazils interdependence with Haiti

• National immigration council allows Haitians to obtains visas easily reducing vulnerability to trafficking

• Number of migrants increasing as Haitians escape poverty, political instability, unemployment, education issues and human right violations

• Low skilled jobs available in the agriculture industry

• Many have friends and family already in Brazil

Changes in immigration and emigration in Brazil

• 19th-20th century Brazil net recipient of migrants, Europeans came to work in coffee cultivation

• Migrants from japan work in agriculture and industry

• Economic migrants form Paraguay and Argentina

• Political crises have eked to migrants from Bolivian and anglia

• 2013= 1.77 million living away from crazily, 0.98 million - 2000, many live in the US (370,000, 2013) and japan for work

Migrations impact on Brazil’s economic development

• Agriculture and industrial sectors have grown and the arrival of skilled migrants = innovation, entrepreneurship and reduced labour market gaps

• Emigration = remittances, used by families for education, housing improvements = development

Migrations impact on brazils political stability

Democratic system, member of Mercosur (free flow of trade, capital and labour. Helped South American integration and promotion of stability) and a emerging economy

Migrations impact on Brazils social equality

• Inequality’s between ethnic groups housing, services, education and income ; Brazilian with African decent face this the most

• Special pattern of inequality, poverty concentrated in rural areas

• Prejudice and discrimination in labour mainly to black and indigenous people, impedes development

Laos

• An LIDC and landlocked country in Asia

• Population of 6.8 million

• GDP = $1,740 with 73% employed in agriculture

• Communist state bye fart of ASEAN and encourages private businesses

• Human trafficking is a major problem

Migration in Laos

• Net migration loss

• 2013, 1.29 million lived abroad (mainly in Thailand), Only 20,000 foreign born immigrants lived in Laos

Why move to Thailand - Laos

• Few option to work in Laos, mainly sustenance farming, as well as food shortages caused by drought

• Minimum wage is very different 300 baht = Thailand, 80 baht = Laos (per day)

• Migrant remittances are many’s main source of income

• Thai language and culture is familiar

• Access along the Mekong river has improved , 5 bridges between Thailand and Laos

Laos interdependence

• Unskilled works in Thailand, contribute to Thailand and Laos economy

• Laos-Thailand committee = strengthen communication and trade, access to the sea, fund Laos heath system and drug treatment centre

• Mekong river commission = Thailand manage flooding and economic activities in the basin ( don sahong hydro-power project)

• Rail links = Thailand and Vietnam 2012, high speed rail link to china

• COMMIT = coordinated Mekong ministerial initiative against trafficking

Opportunity’s created by migration in Laos

• Migrant remittances (22% of population live below poverty line) so money sent = development

• Migration coordinator with Thailand and Laos helped political and economic cooperation, development projects, investment and security

• Bilateral relations with Vietnam, involved with 400+ investment projects in loas

• Political stability is improving between Laos, Thailand and Vietnam