MICROBIOLOGY LECTURE (MODULE 1: A BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY AND BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION)

ROBERT HOOKE

contributed to the discovery of cells while looking at a thin slice of cork

ROBERT HOOKE

this he is the first to observe cells in plant material and name them

LOUIS PASTEUR

discovery of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization (aseptic technique)

LOUIS PASTEUR

produced the first vaccine for rabies by growing the virus in rabbits and then weaking it by drying the affect nerve tissue

LOUIS PASTEUR

disapproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation

LOUIS PASTEUR

believes that "life coms from pre-existing life"

LOUIS PASTEUR

demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but the air does not create microbes

ALEXANDER EMILE JEAN YERSIN

discovered a bacillus which is responsible for the bubonic plague

Yersinia pestis

Alexandre Emile Jean

Yersin discovered a bacillus which is

responsible for the bubonic

plague it was then later named

ROBERT KOCH

founder of modern microbiology

ROBERT KOCH

creation of Koch's postulate

ROBERT KOCH

Identified specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax

ROBERT KOCH

First person to make use of solid media

HIPPOCRATES AND GALEN

Theory of Humorism

HIPPOCRATES AND GALEN

excess pr imbalance of the different humors causes disease

BILE, SANGUINE, PHLEGMATIC, MELANCHOLIC

Theory of Humorism -> temperaments

PARACELSUS

He created the three humors

SALT, SULPHUR, AND MERCURY

What are the three humors

STABILITY

salt represents what

COMBUSTIBILITY

Sulphur represents what

LIQUIDITY

mercury represents what

GIROLAMO FRACASTORO

Essay on contagion (by contact, by fomites, at a distance)

ANTONIE PHILIPS VAN LEEUWENHOEK

best known for his pioneering work in microscopy which lead to the establishment of microbiology

ANTONIE PHILIPS CAN LEEUWENHOEK

First to experiment with microbes (animalcules = tiny animals)

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek first to experiment with microbes

(animalcules = "tiny animals") and

now referred as what

ANTONIE PHILIP VAN LEEWENHOEK

"Father of Microbiology"

CASIMIR DAVAINE

He discovered Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus anthracis

The causative bacterium of anthrax, in blood of diseased and dying sheep

SEPTICEMIA

It is the study of blood poisoning

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

first to observe that heating prevented the growth of bacteria in meat infusion

Heinrich G. F. Schröder & Theodor von Dusch

showed that living particles can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton-wool

Heinrich G. F. Schröder & Theodor von Dusch

introduced the use of cotton plugs in test tubes

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

hypothesized that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

ALEXANDER FLEMING

Scottish bacteriologist who discovered penicillin in 1928

DMITRI IVANOVSKI

A Russian microbiologist who observed that viruses are filterable material; one of the founders of virology

EDWARD JENNER

English physician who developed vaccine against smallpox

REBECCA LANCEFIELD

proposed a classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls

JOSHUA LEDERBERG & EDWARD TATUM

Discovered that DNA can be transferred from on bacterium to another

WENDELL STANLEY

An American biochemist and virologist who was first to characterize a virus (tobacco mosaic virus)

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

A biological study that deals with the study of organisms that could not be seen by the unaided eye

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

includes the classification and general characteristics of bacteria, viruses and fungi and fundamental microbiology techniques

BACTERIOLOGY

The study of bacteria

VIROLOGY

The study of viruses

MYCOLOGY

The study of fungi (yeast and molds)

PHYCOLOGY

The study of algae

VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY

the study of the role in microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

The study of the role of microbes in human illness. includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study of disease pathology and immunology

AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY

Concerned with water purification, microbiological examination and biological degradation of wastes

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

The study of microorganisms causing food spoilage, food preservation and food-borne disease

AEROMICROBIOLOGY

The study of airborne microorganisms

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

The study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments

MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY

The study of the molecular biology and genomics of microorganisms

THEURGICAL THEORY OF DISEASE

The disease is attributed to the wrath of divine spirits for the punishment of individual sins; supernatural inflictions of disease

MIASMATIC THEORY OF DISEASE

Taught that all disease was dues to the emanations from the earth, the influence of the stars, the moon, the winds, the waters, and the seasons

MIASMATIC THEORY OF DISEASE

There is relationship of disease with different waters, changes in temperature, moisture and the direction of wind

MIASMATIC THEORY OF DISEASE

imbalance of the four elements (fire, air, water and earth) and the four qualities (heat, cold, moisture and dryness) corresponded to the four fluids or humors of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile)

PORE THEORY

Symmetry of proportion of the pores resulted in health and a disproportion of pored caused disease

CONTAGION THEORY (FRACASTORO)

From observation on epidermis such as plague, syphilis and typhus in man

CONTAGION THEORY (FRACASTORO)

The disease was attributed to contagion by contact, by fomite and at a distance

GERM THEORY

(18th century) experiments by Pasteur and Koch led to an understanding of the presence of microorganisms and their relationship to diseases

GERM THEORY

Disease is caused by infectious of pathogenic microorganisms

KOCH'S POSTULATE

provides a framework for the study of etiology of any infectious disease

KOCH'S POSTULATE

The pathogen must be present in evert case of the disease

KOCH'S POSTULATE

The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture

KOCH'S POSTULATE

The cultured pathogen must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host

KOCH'S POSTULATE

The same pathogen must be isolated from the diseased experimental host

ANIMALIA (VERTEBRATES & INVERTEBRATES)

PLANTAE

PROTISTA

MONERA (BACTERIA)

FUNGI

5 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

PROKARYOTES

Very tiny simple cells

PROKARYOTES

No true nucleus and no organelles

EUKARYOTES

Larger more complex cells

EUKARYOTES

have a nucleus and have numerous organelles

AUTOTROPHS

Make their own food by photosynthesis

HETEROTROPHS

Can't make their own food. they must eat other organelles

MONERA

kingdom that includes all prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and blue-green algae)

PLANTS

a kingdom of organisms that make food using photosynthesis

FUNGI

Kingdom composed of heterotrophs

PROTISTS

Kingdom of mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms.

ANIMALS

Kingdom of multi-cellular, eukaryotic organisms

BACTERIA

Example of monera

Moss

Ferns

example of kingdom plantae

YEAST

MOLD

MUSHROOMS

Example of kingdom fungi

AMOEBA

ALGAE

Example of kingdom Protista

INSECTS

FISH

Example of kingdom Animalia

TROPISM

The response towards a stimulus

PHOTOTROPISM

Response to light

1. BEGINNING

2. GROWTH

3. MATURITY

4. DECLINE

5. DEATH

Definite period of existence

LIFE CYCLE

Series of changes in the life of an organism including reproduction

BIOTECHNOLOGY

use of bacteria on various industry

BIOREMEDIATION

the use of either naturally occurring or

deliberately introduced microorganisms or other forms of life to

consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to

clean up a polluted site (use of bacteria on toxic wastes).

PLANKTONS

diverse collection of microorganisms in the ocean or large bodies of water

ZOOPLANKTONS

a type of heterotrophic plankton that range from microscopic organisms to large species; such as jelly fish

PHYTOPLANKTONS

microscopic plants that live in the ocean

BENEFICIAL

--(87%) e.g. antibiotics in food, chemical

substances

OPPURTUNISTIC

--(10%) e.g. organisms that take advantage

of the weakened immune system

HARMFUL

--(3%) pathogens/pathogenic organisms

*

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE

*Normal indigenous microflora or microbiota are present in

the skin , intestinal tract and mouth.

BINOMIAL CLASSIFICATION

("two term" naming system)

BINOMIAL CLASSIFICATION

The system of scientifically naming organisms developed

by Carl Linnaeus

DESCRIPTORS

describes the genus

EPITHETS

Describe the species