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Anabolism
Metabolic process that synthesizes new substances.
Catabolism
Metabolic process that breaks down nutrients.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, energy currency of cells.
ATP hydrolysis
Breakdown of ATP releasing energy.
NAD+
Electron carrier involved in redox reactions.
NADP+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, electron carrier.
FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide, electron carrier in metabolism.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Direct ATP production from ADP and substrate.
Oxidation
Loss of electrons during metabolic reactions.
Reduction
Gain of electrons during metabolic reactions.
Redox reactions
Coupled oxidation and reduction processes.
Half-reaction
Part of a redox reaction showing electron transfer.
Electrochemical potential
Energy associated with electron transfer reactions.
Nernst equation
Calculates redox potentials based on concentrations.
Faraday constant
Charge of one mole of electrons, 96,494 C/mol.
Free energy change (∆G)
Energy change during a chemical reaction.
Phosphate group transfer potential
Ability of phosphate groups to transfer energy.
Electron transport chain (ETC)
Series of complexes transferring electrons to oxygen.
Mitochondrial inner membrane
Location of the electron transport chain complexes.
Phospho-anhydride bond
High-energy bond in ATP storing energy.
Hydrolysis of ADP
Breakdown of ADP releasing energy.
Hydrolysis of AMP
Breakdown of AMP releasing energy.
Standard Free Energy of Phosphate Hydrolysis
Energy released during phosphate bond hydrolysis.
Combustion in metabolism
Uncontrolled oxidation producing heat, unlike metabolism.
