Digestion Week 1 review

Once food leaves the stomach it is know as____

chyme

The ability of the G.I. tract to mix and move material along its length is called

Motility

Bile comes from the

Liver and gallbladder

Bile, _____&______ is delivered through the common bile duct

digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate come from the ______

Pancreas

The common bile duct connects to the _____

Duodenum

Chyme triggers which two hormones?

secretin and cholecystokinin

_______tells the pancreas to produce bicarbonate

Secretin

Bile is first made in the _____ and then concentrated in the ____so it can be released at mealtime

Liver, gallbladder

What does bile do to dietary fats?

Emulsifies

Bile acids are synthesized in the liver from ____

Cholesterol

The process of digestion begins in the ____

Brain

To function optimally, we need to be in a _______ state

Parasympathetic

In the mouth, digestion of fat and carbohydrates begin with the enzymes _____ ______ and lingual lipase

Salivary amylase

Once the food is swallowed, it passes through the _____ into the stomach

Esophagus

The _____ ______ _____, separated the stomach and the esophagus, preventing the food in the stomach from refluxing into the esophagus

Lower esophageal sphincter

Once the stomach knows a meal is coming, it produces the hormone ____, which tells other parts of the stomach to increase the production of protective _______, increase gastric motility, and stimulate the release of ____ _______

Gastrin, mucous, hydrochloric acid

While the stomach contracts to churn the food, hydrochloric acid and the enzyme ____ work to break down proteins.

Pepsin

The highly ____ environment of the stomach reduced the viability of potential pathogens we injest and prevents the overgrowth of opportunistic microbes in the stomach

Acidic

The ____ pH also triggers digestive functions further south in the digestive cascade and tells the LES to tighten to prevent _____ _____

Low, acid reflux

By the time this mix of food and gastric fluids is ready to leave the stomach, it is known as _____.

Chyme

The ____ _____ opens to allow the chyme to pass from the stomach to the small intestine, a process known as ____ _____

Pyloric valve, Gastric emptying

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Once gastric emptying releases acidic chyme into the duodenum, endocrine cells of the duodenum secrete of two primary digestive hormones into the blood stream: _____ and ____

Secretin, cholecystokinin

Secretin helps regulate the pH of the intestines by inhibiting the production of HCL in the stomach and stimulating the pancreas to release ____ into the duodenum

Bicarbonate

Bicarbonate helps to ___ the chyme to neutral (about 7.0) to prevent irritation of the intestinal lining and optimize the function of pancreatic enzymes

Alkalinize

Cholecystokinin (along with other neurological, hormonal, and mechanical cues) stimulates the pancreas to release _____ ______.

Pancreatic enzymes

______ is the enzyme that breaks down proteins

Protease

______ is the enzyme that breaks down Fats

Pancreatic lipase

CCK also stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release ____ to aid in the digestion of fats

Bile

______ is the enzyme that breaks down Carbohydrates

Amylase

Bile is first produced in the ____ and then concentrated and stored in the gallbladder

Liver

In the inner surface of the intestines, we have a single cell-deep layer of ______ cells covered by a protective mucosal layer

Epithelial

These cells are spread over a terrain of peaks and valleys called _____,and on each of the enterocytes, there is another smaller set of peaks and valleys called ____.

Villi, microvilli

The villi/microvilli also produce additional enzymes called ____ _____ _____

Brush border enzymes

From the small intestines, nutrients can move into the bloodstream via two routes: _______ vs ______

Transcellular, paracellular

What does trancellular mean?

Through the cell body of the enterocytes

What does paracellular mean?

Between the cell bodies

The majority of nutrients are absorbed through the ______ route.

Trans cellular

The enterocytes are held together by zipper-like structures called ____ _____ that regulate intestinal permeability

Tight junctions

To keep food moving through the intestines, the muscles that like the intestines constrict and relax to create wave-like movements called _____\

Peristalsis

Another system of motility called the _____ ______ _______ becomes active in a fasted state to help clean up meals

Migrating motor complex

Whatever has not been absorbed in the small intestine passes through the ____ _____ and into the large intestine.

Ileocecal valve

At this point, the chyme is largely comprised of indigestible ____ and food particles, water, our sloughed-off cells, and products that liver has sent out for elimination

Fiber

The large intestine will absorb water and _____, concentrate and transport waste into feces for elimination, and produce and absorb some vitamins.

Electrolytes

Nutrients that are absorbed or synthesized in the colon include ____ _____ _____ _____ and vitamins K2/B1/B2/B12.

Short chain fatty acids

SCFAs are produced by the gut microbiota through _____ of the indigestible fiber and resistant starch that our body has not been able to break down.

Fermentation

After this process, the remnants form in the colon and move into the ____, where they will be held until elimination

Rectum

For all of this to happen, we have constant cross- talk between the central nervous system and the ____ nervous system

Enteric

In addition to some of the hormonal regulators of digestion that we learned about earlier like gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin, there is an intricate system of ______ peptides/hormones produced in the intestines that help us balance things like appetite, food intake, and energy balance.

Neuroendocrine

Define the prebiotic part of the microbiome

Preferentially feed strains that are associated with health benefits

Define the Postbiotic part of microbiome

Living organisms that confer health benefits to the host

Define Synbiotic

Pre and probiotic combination

Define the Resident/ indigenous part of the microbiome

Colonize early in life and persist; native

Define the commensal part of the microbiome

Healthy resident populations that live in balance

Define the transient part of the microbiome

Do not colonize, but can exert effects

Define the opportunistic part of the micro biome

Not considered pathogenic at low levels; become problematic after expanding in number or location