Chapter 1: Basic Elements of Anatomy

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers basic anatomical terms, orientation planes, tissue types, muscular and nervous system components, and the framework of respiration based on Chapter 1 of Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing (6th Edition).

Anatomy

Study of STRUCTURE of organisms and the relation of their parts.

Physiology

The science dealing with FUNCTION of living organisms and their parts.

Histology

The study of cell structure of tissue.

Speech as Overlaid Function

The theory by Eric Lenneberg (1967) that speech is overlaid on the biological mechanism, where organs like the tongue and lips have primary biological roles like sucking or swallowing.

Clinical Anatomy

Anatomy as related to pathological entity, and especially as related to surgery.

Comparative Anatomy

Anatomy that studies interspecies comparisons.

Embryology

Also known as Developmental Anatomy, it refers to anatomy from the period of conception to birth.

Descriptive Anatomy

Anatomy as related to the systems of the body.

System

A group of organs that function together for some purpose.

Betz cells

Special groups of motor neurons in the cortex that provide the initial response from the conscious brain.

Coronal plane

Plane creating front and back halves.

Sagittal plane

Plane creating left and right halves.

Transverse plane

Plane creating upper and lower halves.

Superior

The upper point.

Inferior

The lower point.

Anterior

Toward the front of a part.

Posterior

Toward the back of a part.

Proximal

Closer to the trunk or attached end.

Distal

Further from the trunk or attached end.

Adduct

To draw toward midline.

Abduct

To draw away from midline.

Dorsal

Pertaining to the back.

Ventral

Pertaining to the belly.

Medial

Toward the midline.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Caudal

Toward the tail.

Superficial

Toward the surface.

Deep

Away from the surface.

Cranial

Toward the head.

Rostral

Toward the nose or beak.

Aponeurosis

Sheet-like tendon.

Articulation

The point of union between two structures.

Fascia

Fibrous tissue encasing muscle.

Foramen

An opening or passageway.

Origin

The portion of a muscle that is relatively immobile during contraction.

Insertion

The portion of a muscle that is relatively mobile during contraction.

Ligament

Fibrous connective tissue connecting bones and cartilage.

Tendon

Connective tissue attaching muscle to bone or cartilage.

Symphysis

Immobile articulation fused in early development.

Simple epithelium

A single layer of cells which can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar.

Basement membrane

Also called the baseplate, it is made up of collagen and underlies epithelium to provide support.

Adipose

Connective tissue containing cells with fat globules.

Hyaline cartilage

Bluish-white cartilage found on articulating surfaces of bones, ribs, larynx, and trachea.

Striated Muscle

Also known as skeletal, voluntary, or somatic muscle; it is associated with conscious movement.

Smooth Muscle

Also known as involuntary or visceral muscle; it is associated with autonomic functions like glands and digestion.

Agonist

The muscle that performs the intended action, also called the prime mover.

Antagonist

A muscle that opposes the intended action.

Glial cells

Nervous tissue responsible for nutrient transfer, the blood-brain barrier, waste removal, and structural support.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

System divided into the sympathetic (excitatory) and parasympathetic (damping) nervous systems.

Action potential

The all-or-nothing impulse by which neurons communicate, generated at the axon hillock.

Synapse

The space between two neurons where communication occurs.

Synaptic Vesicles

Structures in the terminal end bouton that contain neurotransmitter substance (NT).

Sliding Filament Model

The model of muscle contraction where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other when calcium ($Ca$) is present.

Trachea

A cartilaginous structure with $16-20$ rings open in the posterior, located anterior to the esophagus.

Alveolus

A socket or cavity where gas exchange occurs; there are approximately $300$ million in the lungs.

Mediastinum

The middle space within the thorax where the heart resides.

Visceral pleurae

Continuous epithelial lining located on the surface of the lungs.

Surfactant

Slippery fluid between parietal and visceral pleurae that reduces surface tension.

Atlas

The first cervical vertebra ($C1$) on which the skull rests.

Axis

The second cervical vertebra ($C2$) which features the odontoid process.

True ribs

Ribs $1-7$ which articulate directly with the sternum.

False ribs

Ribs $8-10$ which articulate with the sternum via costal cartilage.

Floating ribs

Ribs $11-12$ which do not articulate with the sternum.

Sternum

The breastbone, consisting of the manubrium, corpus, and xiphoid process.

Pectoral Girdle

Framework composed of the clavicle (collar bone) and scapula.

Pelvic Girdle

Framework made up of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.