Praxis - Communication Across the Lifespan: Typical vs Disordered (CHP 4 Praxis book)

What are phonemes?

smallest unit of speech sounds that changes the meaning

What are morphemes:

smallest grammatical units that have meaning

What are free morphemes?

Independent, cannot be partitioned into smaller units without losing meaning

Ex: Dogs - dog is free morpheme

What are bound morphemes?

Cannot be independent, attached to free morphemes and removal would change meaning

Ex: Dogs - s is bound morpheme

[see table of phoneme development]

pg. 137

What is final consonant deletion? What is the likely age of elimination?

Deletion of final consonant (ex: Ba for ball); elimination by 3yr

What is consonant assimilation? What is the likely age of elimination?

Sound changes due to presence of another sound in the word (ex: gog for dog); elimination by 3yr

What is reduplication? What is the likely age of elimination?

Repetition of first syllable in multisyllabic word (ex: wawa for water); elimination by 3yr

What is weak/unstressed syllable deletion? What is the likely age of elimination?

Deletion of unstressed syllable (Ex: tato for potato); elimination by 4yr

What is velar fronting? What is the likely age of elimination?

Velar sound replaced with front sound (Ex: take for cake); elimination by 4

What is stopping? What is the likely age of elimination?

Fricative or affricate replaced by stop (Ex: tay for say)

Elimination of /f,s/ by 3

Elimination of /z,v/ by 4

Elimination of /ch, sh, j/ by 5

What is cluster reduction? What is the likely age of elimination?

Consonant clusters simplified to single consonant (ex: go for grow); elimination by 4-5

What is gliding? What is the likely age of elimination?

Liquids replaced by glides (ex: lello for yellow); elimination by 6-7

What is initial consonant delation?

Deletion of initial consonant (ex: up for cup)

What is backing?

using back sound for front sound (ex: key for tea)

What is gliding of fricatives?

using glide for fricative (ex: woot for foot)

What is denasalization?

Non-nasal consonant for nasal (ex: be for me)

What is affrication?

Using affricate for non-affricate (ex: chew for shoe)

What is glottal insertion?

Consonant subbed with glottal stop

When should the first word or one-word utterances emerge?

10-16mo

How many words should be used by 18 mo? And what should you also be doing with those words?

50-150 words; combining words to 2 and 3+ word utterances

How many words should be used by 24 mo?

50 consistently, producing up to 200-300

How many words should be used by 30mo?

450 words

How many words should be used by 36 mo?

1,000 words

How many words should be used by 4 yrs?

1,600

How many words should be used by 5 yrs?

2,200-2,500

How many words should be used by 6 yr?

2,600-7,000

How many words should be used by 12 yrs?

50,000

What % of single words should be intelligible by 31-47 months?

50%

What % of single words should be intelligible by 49-87 months (4-7yr)?

75%

What % of single words should be intelligible by 83-119months (7yr-10yr)?

90%

What % of multi-words should be intelligible by 34-46 mo (3-4yr)?

50%

What % of multi-words should be intelligible by 46-61 mo (4-5yr)?

75%

What % of multi-words should be intelligible by 62-87 mo (5-7yr)?

90%

What are established risk factors?

risk factors that are certain in an individual due to a condition (Ex: Down Syndrome, profound hearing loss)

What are environmental and biological risk factors for language disorders? give examples

Put you at risk, but do not ensure a condition/disorder

Environmental: young parents, low SES, later birth order

Biological: family member with language or learning disorder, prematurity, otitis media

What is developmental language disorder (DLD) / specific language impairment (SLI)? Describe it

language disorder not explained by other conditions (autism, lack of language exposure?)

Difficulty with word learning: poor vocab, grammatical errors, conversation struggles, difficulty with directions due to poor word understanding

What are the (3) symptoms of a language disorder?

Difficulty with word meaning

Difficulty with word structure

Difficulty with phrase and sentence structure

What is aphasia?

Loss of language to varying degrees after an individual has learned language

What are the fluent aphasias?

Wernicke’s, Conduction, Transcortical sensory aphasia

What are the characteristics of Wernicke’s aphasia?

Fluent speech

Poor auditory comprehension

Poor speech imitation

Produces unintended sounds/words

Produces new nonsense words

What are the characteristics of Conduction aphasia?

Fluent speech

Good auditory comprehension

Poor speech imitation

What are the characteristics of transcortical sensory aphasia?

Fluent speech

Poor auditory comprehension

Relatively good speech imitation skills

Severe anomia (word-finding difficulty)

What are the characteristics of Broca’s aphasia?

Halting

Effortful speech

Good auditory comprehension

Poor repetition

Anomia

What are the characteristics of transcortical motor aphasia?

Halting

Effortful speech

Mildly impaired auditory comprehension

Good imitation

What are the characteristics of global aphasia?

Profound language impairment

Halting

Effortful speech

Poor auditory comprehension

Poor repetition

What is acquired apraxia of speech? Describe etiology and characteristics

Difficulty planning and programming commands needed for speech

Etiology: neurologic

Characteristics: Slow speech, pauses within and between words, distorted sounds within and between words

What is dysarthria? Describe etiology and characteristics

Articulation caused by disturbances in central and peripheral nervous system

Etiology: neurologic

Characteristics: slow and/or slurred speech, low volume, monotone, abnormal speech rhythm

What are voice disorders?

Disorders affecting communication by impacting intelligibility for speech

What are functional causes of a voice disorder?

acquired through vocal behaviors (yelling, coughing, throat clearing)

What are neurologic causes of a voice disorder?

Stroke, Parkinson’s etc

What are organic causes of voice disorders?

Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)

Describe the (5) skills in the auditory hierarchy

Detection - ability to recognize presence/absence of sound

Discrimination - ability to recognize differences/similarities in two stimuli

Patterning - ability to differentiate between sounds based on suprasegmental patterns without true identification of sounds

Identification - use to auditory stimuli to label things in environment

Comprehension - processing and understanding spoken language and responding accurately to auditory information

What RECEPTIVE language skills should be developed from birth-3mo?

Startling to loud sounds

Listens/turns to voices

Beginning to distinguish speech sounds

Eye contact

What EXPRESSIVE language skills should be developed from birth-3mo?

Cooing sounds

Specific cries based on different needs

Smiles

What RECEPTIVE language skills should be developed from 4-6mo?

Look towards direction of sounds

Respond to noises from toys

Attends and responds to sound, speech, music, other noises

What EXPRESSIVE language skills should be developed from 4-6mo?

Cooing and babbling when alone or with others

Speech-like babbling

Laughs

Produces sounds when happy or upset

What RECEPTIVE language skills should be developed from 7mo -1yr?

Turns and looks in direction of sounds

Responds to name

Understands words for common items and names (mama, cup, dog)

Starts to respond to simple words and phrases

Interacts during games

Listens to music and stories

Joint visual attention (10-12mo)

What EXPRESSIVE language skills should be developed from 7mo-1yr?

Linking sounds together (mamama, dadada)

Uses sounds to gain/maintain attention of others

Points or uses gestures to communication (nodding for yes, pointing to objects)

Imitates speech sounds

Producing a few words, may not be intelligible

What RECEPTIVE language skills should be developed from 1-2yr?

Responds to simple, 1-step verbal commands

Responds to simple questions

Points to pictures in books, or a few body parts

What EXPRESSIVE language skills should be developed from 1-2 yr?

Uses new words

Increasing number of words produced

Name pictures

Asks simple questions

Begins to put two words together

What RECEPTIVE language skills should be developed from 2-3yr?

Understands opposites

Follows two-step commands

Comprehension exceeds expression

Listens to stories for longer periods of time

Simple humor

What EXPRESSIVE language skills should be developed from 2-3yr?

Labels for most objects

Refers to things not in immediate area or out of sight

Uses prepositions (in, on, over)

Two + three word combos

Uses statements and questions

What RECEPTIVE language skills should be developed from 3-4yrs?

Understands words for some colors, shapes, family members

What EXPRESSIVE language skills should be developed from 3-4yrs?

Responds to simple questions (who, what, where)
Asks simple "when” and “how” questions

Rhyming words

Pronouns

Some plurals

4+ word utterances

talks about events in day

4 sentences at a time

What RECEPTIVE language skills should be developed from 4-5yr?

Understands words for order (first, later, next)

Understands words for time (today, tomorrow)

Responds to longer commands

Can follow directions in classroom

Understands majority of information at school and home

What EXPRESSIVE language skills should be developed from 4-5yr?

Able to name letters and numbers

Sentences with more than one action (“I play with her and we jump”)

Able to tell a story

Participates in conversation

Changes way of talking for different situations or people

What RECEPTIVE language skills should be developed for school-aged children?

reading skills improve

Understands 60,000 words by 6th grade, 80,000 by end of high school

Comprehension becomes adult-like

What EXPRESSIVE language skills should be developed for school-aged children?

Vocab of 25,000-30,000 words

Understands and uses slang

Written language more complex than spoken