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What is hearing? (Chapter 5)
the psychological process of decoding sounds.
What is listening? (Chapter 5)
the process we use to make sense out of what we hear; it is a complex process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to verbal and non-verbal messages.
What are all the components of the listening process? (Chapter 5)
selecting (to focus on one sound as you sort through the various sounds competing for your attention.)
attending (to maintain a sustained focus on a particular.)
understanding (to assign meaning to messages.)
remembering (to recall information.)
responding (to confirm your understanding of a message.)
List all of the learning styles (Chapter 5)
Relational Listening Style
Analytical Listening Style
Critical Listening Style
Task-Oriented Listening Style
What is the Relational Listening Style? (Relational listeners) (Chapter 5)
Those who prefer to focus on the emotions and feelings communicated by others verbally and nonverbally.
What is the Analytical Listening Style? (Analytical listeners) (Chapter 5)
Those who withhold judgment, listen to all sides of an issue, and wait until they hear the facts before reaching a conclusion.
What is the Critical Listening Style? (Critical listeners) (Chapter 5)
Those who prefer to listen for the facts and evidence that support key ideas and an underlying logic; they also listen for errors, inconsistencies and discrepancies.
What is the Task-Oriented Listening Style? (Task-oriented listeners) (Chapter 5)
Those who look at the overall structure of a message to see what action needs to be taken; they also prefer efficient, clear and briefer messages.
What are the listening barriers? (Chapter 5)
self barriers
information-processing barriers
context barriers
What are self barriers? (Chapter 5)
self-centered habits that work against listening well. Includes self-focus, emotional noise (communication noise caused by emotional arousal/strong feelings) and criticism/criticizing. (even minor non-verbal messaging)
What are information-processing barriers? (Chapter 5)
The way we mentally manage information. Includes Processing rate, Information overload, receiver apprehension (the fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the messages spoken by others or of not being able to adjust psychologically to messages expressed by others.) shifting attention and cultural differences.
What is noise? (Chapter 5)
Anything that interferes with your ability to listen to a message.
What are context barriers? (Chapter 5)
the surroundings in which we listen. Includes noise, barriers of time (the time of day can affect your listening acuity.) and barriers of place (the environment/place in which the conversation is taking place.)
What is the process of improving your listening skills? (Chapter 5)
Stop: Turn off competing messages
Look: Listen with your eyes
Listen: Understand both details and major ideas
What is the stop process? (Chapter 5)
Be aware of competing messages
Stop internal noise
Socially decenter (stepping away from our own thoughts and attempting to experience the thoughts of another.)
What is the Look process? (Chapter 5)
attend to the meta-message (the nonverbal message that helps you interpret the verbal message.)
nonverbally communicate your interest in the other person
What is the Listen process? (Chapter 5)
Identify your listening goal (enjoy learn evaluate or empathize) (<4 primary listening goals)
Mentally summarize the details of the message
Link message details with the major ideas of the message
Practice by Listening to difficult or challenging material
Work to overcome listening barriers
Don’t interrupt
Consider that you may be wrong
Listen actively
What are 3 strategies you can use to respond empathetically? (Chapter 5)
Understand your partner’s feelings
Paraphrase his or her emotions
Be emotionally Intelligent
How do you understand your partner’s feelings in empathy? (Chapter 5)
imagine how you would feel under the same circumstances using platinum rule. (treat others the way they would like to be treated.)
How do you paraphrase his or her emotions in empathy? (Chapter 5)
By active listening and even using common lead-in phrases like “so you feel…”
How do you be emotionally intelligent? (Chapter 5)
by understanding and expressing emotion, interpreting emotions in yourself and others, and by regulating or managing emotions. (helps you understand your partner better/properly by understanding their messaging better)
How does men and women’s communication style differ? (Chapter 6)
Women are more expressive (emphasis on connecting with others and fostering harmonious relationships.), more emphasis on relational elements of messages, give more attention to nonverbal elements (how vs. what is said.)
Men are more instrumental (assertiveness and getting things done) more emphasis on the content of messages and the information being exchanged ( the what vs. the how in messages) and give more attention to verbal messages vs. nonverbal.
What are the aspects of human difference? (Chapter 6)
Sex
Gender
Sexual orientation
Age
Ethnicity
What is sex? (Chapter 6)
your biological sex (female, male or intersex)
What is gender? (chapter 6)
A complex culturally constructed and psychologically based perception of oneself including your biological sex; your sexual orientation; your view of yourself relative to feminine, masculine, or androgynous characteristics; and your attitudes about roles the sexes should play in society.
What is sexual orientation? (chapter 6)
the basis of attraction? (?) (straight, gay, lesbian queer, asexual, etc…)
What is age? (chapter 6)
how your age affects your experiences through different cultural and historical events that often make you view life differently. (?)
What is ethnicity? (chapter 6)
A social classification based on factors such as nationality, religion, and language, as well as biological ancestral heritage, that are shared by a group of people with a common geographic origin.
What is race? (chapter 6)
A group of people with a common cultural history, nationality, or geographical location who may share some genetically transmitted physical attributes.
What is discrimination? (Chapter 6)
The unfair or inappropriate treatment of categories of people, based on their race, sex, age, gender, and ethnicity, as well as other group memberships.
What is culture? (Chapter 6)
A learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people and shaped from one generation to the next.
What is co-culture? (Chapter 6)
A culture that exists within a larger cultural context.
What is intercultural communication? (Chapter 6)
Communication between people or groups from different cultures.
What is culture shock? (Chapter 6)
Feelings of confusion, loss, stress, and anxiety that a person may experience when encountering a culture different from his or her own.
What is worldview? (Chapter 6)
A perspective shared by a culture or group of people about key beliefs and issues, such as death, God, and the meaning of life, that influences interaction with others; the lens through which people in a given culture perceive the world around them.
What is globalization? (Chapter 6)
The integration of economics and technology that is contributing to a worldwide, interconnected business environment.
What is ethnocentrism? (Chapter 6)
The belief that one’s own cultural traditions and assumptions are superior to those of others.
What are cultural values? (Chapter 6)
Whatever a given group of people values or appreciates.
individualism vs. collectivism
distribution of power (centralized or shared)
Avoidance of uncertainty versus tolerance for uncertainty
masculine or feminine cultural perspectives
long-term or short-term orientation to time
Expectations about happiness in terms of indulgence or restraint.
What is collectivistic culture? (Chapter 6)
A culture that places a high value on collaboration, teamwork, and group achievement.
What is individualistic culture? (Chapter 6)
A culture that values individual achievement and personal accomplishments.
What are decentralized approaches to power and cultural values? (Chapter 6)
leadership is less likely to be vested in just one person. Decisions are more likely to be made by collaborative consensus in a parliament or congress rather than by decree from a monarch or dictator.
What are centralized approaches to power and cultural values? (Chapter 6)
Are more comfortable with a more structured form of government and with managerial styles that feature clear lines of authority. Like hierarchical bureaucracies and the general assumption is that she people will have more power, control, and influence than others.
Uncertainty cultural values
People with more relaxed, informal expectations for others; accept that uncertainty and sometimes not knowing the outcome is normal. (e.g. go with the flow).
Certainty cultural value
more comfortable being able to predict what’s going to happen. Too much uncertainty makes them uncomfortable. Cultures in which people need certainty to feel secure are likely to develop and enforce more rigid rules for behavior and establish more elaborate codes of conduct.
Masculine culture
A culture that values achievement, assertiveness, heroism, material wealth, and traditional gender roles.
feminine culture
A culture that values being sensitive toward others and fostering harmonious personal relationships with others.
Long-term orientation
A cultural value that emphasizes the future and recognizes the importance of perseverance and working toward a long-term goal.
Short-term orientation
A cultural value that emphasizes more immediate and short-term goals.
Indulgent culture
A cultural value that tends to place a high value on happiness and also values freedom of speech, leisure activities, and sports.
Restrained culture
A cultural value that does not assume happiness is a right and that happiness should be expected, as evidenced by a more limited focus on leisure activities and sports.
Identify barriers that can separate us from others (e.g., assuming superiority). (Chapter 6)
Assuming superiority
Assuming similarity
Assuming differences
Stereotyping and Prejudice
Assuming Superiority
Becoming ethnocentric; assuming that one’s own culture and cultural traditions are superior to those of others.
Assuming Similarity
Assuming that other people respond to situations as we respond; failing to acknowledge and consider differences in culture and background.
Assuming differences
Assuming that other people are always different from ourselves; failing to explore common values and experiences that can serve as bridges to better understanding.
Stereotyping and Prejudice
Rigidly categorizing others and prejudging others based on limited information.
Explain how we can adapt to others (Chapter 6)
Develop Motivation
Develop Knowledge
Develop Skill
Develop Motivation
Develop Mindfulness (Be consciously aware of cultural differences rather than ignoring them.)
Develop Positive Attitudes (Look for ways to affirm and support others.)
Tolerate Ambiguity (Take your time and expect some uncertainty.)
Develop Knowledge
Seek information (Learn about a culture’s worldview.)
Ask questions and listen (reduce uncertainty by asking for clarification and listening to the answer.)
Develop Skill
Become other-oriented (Put yourself in the other person’s mental and emotional frame of mind; socially decenter and develop empathy.)
Ethically adapt to others (Listen and respond appropriately.)
What is interpersonal communication? (Ch. 7)
Communication that occurs between two people who simultaneously attempt to mutually influence each other, usually to manage relationships.
What is impersonal communication? (Ch. 7)
Communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people.
Relationship of circumstance
A relationship sought and intentionally developed.
Relationship of choice
A relationship that forms situationally, simply because one life overlaps with another in some way.
What is the difference between relationships of choice versus relationships of circumstance? (Ch. 7)
Relationships of circumstance are sought and intentionally, while relationships of choice are more organic and formed situationally.
What is interpersonal attraction? (Ch. 7)
The degree to which one desires to form or maintain an interpersonal relationship with another person.
What are the factors that influence interpersonal attraction? (Ch. 7)
Similarity
Physical attraction
Sexual attraction
Proximity
Complementarity
Similarity
Attraction increases if our characteristics, values, attitudes, interests, and personality traits are similar to those of another person.
Proximity
We are more likely to be interpersonally attracted to people who are physically close to us.
Complementarity
We may be attracted to someone whose abilities, interests, and needs differ from but balance or round out our own
Physical attraction
The form of attraction is based on a person’s physical self.
Sexual attraction
This form of attraction is based on the desire to have sexual contact with another person.
Social attraction
A desire to develop a friendship with another person.
attraction
motivational state that causes someone to think, feel, and behave positively toward another person.
Explain the matching hypothesis (Ch. 7)
A tendency to seek out individuals who represent the same level of physical attractiveness as oneself.
Self-disclosure
voluntarily providing information to others that they would not learn if one did not tell them.
What are the properties of self-disclosure? (Ch. 7)
Reprocicity
Appropriateness
Risk
Reciprocity
Sharing information about oneself with another person, with the expectation that the other person will share information that is similar in risk or depth.
Social penetration model
A model of self-disclosure that asserts that both the breadth and the depth of information shared with another person increase as the relationship develops.
Johari Window
A model that explains how self-disclosure varies from relationship to relationship; the model reflects various stages of relational development, degrees of self-awareness and other’s perceptions.
Explain the social penetration model (Ch. 7)
There are 3 orb layers of social penetration, the outside superficial level, the intimate level, and the Very intimate level, as the relationship develops, you cross layer after layer until you get to the very intimate level with time.
Explain the Johari Window (Ch. 7)
There are 4 quadrants to the window-like structure to determine various stages of relational development:
Open quadrant (1st left side)
Blind quadrant (1st right side)
Hidden quadrant (bottom left side)
Unknown quadrant (bottom right side)
Open quadrant
The part of yourself that you know and have revealed to another person. (grows larger the more intimate the relationship becomes.)
Blind quadrant
information that another person knows about you but that you fail to recognize. (usually small before someone knows you well, grows larger with more observance from other person)
Hidden quadrant
Information that you know about yourself but haven’t shared with another person. (initially fairly large, but shrinks as the open quadrant grows and give them more info.)
Unknown quadrant
Information about yourself that you, as well as other people, have yet to discover or realize. People who aren’t very introspective and don’t have a very well-developed sense of self have larger unknown areas than those who have made the effort. Shrinks as you and others get to know yourself.
What are the stages of relationship escalation? (+explain?) (Chapter 8)
Pre-interaction awareness stage
Initiation stage
Exploration stage
Intensification stage
Intimacy stage
Pre-interaction awareness stage
You become aware of your attraction to someone and begin to observe that person.
Initiation stage
You initiate contact with the person with whom you want a relationship.
Exploration
Interactions deepen as questions and answers elicit more information from partners.
Intensification stage
Partners begin to depend on each other for confirmation of their self-concepts. they spend more time together, engage in more intimate touch, and personalize their language.
Intimacy stage
Partners provide primary confirmation of each other’s self-concept. Verbally, language is highly personalized; nonverbal behaviors are synchronized.
What are the stages of relationship de-escalation? (Chapter 8)
Turmoil or Stagnation stage
De-intensification stage
Individualization stage
Separation stage
Post-interaction stage
Turmoil or Stagnation stage
Partners begin to take each other for granted and experience increased conflict. (exhibit less mutual acceptance, communication climate is tense, relationship definition is unclear, relationship loses vitality; partners begin to take each other for granted and may experience boredom in the relationship. Communication and physical contact decline.
De-Intensification stage
Partners significantly decrease their interaction and their dependence on each other for self-confirmation; they increase their physical distance.
Individualization stage
Partners define their lives more as individuals and less as a couple.
Separation stage
Partners make an intentional decision to minimize or eliminate further interpersonal interaction.
Post-interaction stage
The bottom or final level in relational de-escalation; represents the lasting effects of a relationship on the individuals.
Explain relational dialects (Chapter 8)
What is interpersonal conflict? (Chapter 8)
What are the types of conflict? (+explain?) (Chapter 8)
