Chem

oxidation-reduction

chemical reaction is which there is a transfer of electrons from one reactant to another reactant

Nonoxidation reduction

Chemical reaction in which there is no transfer of electrons from one reactant to another reactant

oxidation number

A number that represents the charge that an ion appears to have when the electrons in each bond it is participating in our assign to the more electronegative of the two atoms involved in the bond

solution

a homogenous mixture of two or more substances composed of a solute and solvent

Solvent

does the dissolving

Solute

what is dissolved

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent under a given set of conditions

Unsaturated solution

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved under the conditions at which the solution exists

Saturated solution

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved under the conditions at which the solution exists

Supersaturated solution

An unstable solution that temporarily contains more dissolved solute that the present in a saturated solution

Concentrated solution

A solution that contains a large amount of solute relative to the amount that could dissolve

Dilute solution

A solution that contains a small amount of solute relative to the amount of could dissolve

Aqueous solution

dissolves in water

Nonaqueous solution

dissolves in everything except water

Concentrated

the amount of solute present in a specified amount of solution

Colloidal dispersion

a homogeneous mixture that contains dispersed particles that are intermediate in size between those of a true solution, and those of an ordinary heterogeneous mixture

Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture that contains dispersed particles that are heavy enough that they set up out under the influence of gravity

Henry’s law

The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature, is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid

General properties of a solution

Contains two or more components, properties change as the ratio of solute to solve. It is changed, dissolved, solute, or present as individual particles, so it's remain uniformly distributed, and will not settle out with time, solute(s) can be separated from the solvent by physical means such

Effect of Temperature on Solubilities

Solid becomes more soluble in water with increasing temperature

Gas soluble in water decreases with increasing temperature

Effect of Pressure on Solubility

Pressure is proportional to more solubility for gases

Colligative Property

Physical property of a solution that depends only on the number of solute particles present in a given quantity of solvent and not on the chemical identity

Vapor-Pressure Lowering

Adding a nonvolatile saw you to a solvent, lowers the vapor pressure of the resulting solution below that of the pure solvent at the same temperature

Boiling-Point Elevation

Adding a nonvolatile solid to a solvent raises the boiling point of the resulting solution above that of the pure solvent

Freezing-point depression

Adding a nonvolatile tell you to solve it, lowers the freezing point of the resulting solution below that of the pure solvent

Osmosis

The passage of a solvent through a semi permeable membrane separating a dilute solution from a more concentrated solution

Semi-permeable membrane

a membrane that allows certain types of molecules to pass through it, but prohibits the passage of other types of molecules

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure that must be applied to prevent the net flow of solvent through a semi permeable membrane from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration

Hypotonic

solution with a lower osmotic pressure than that within cells; swell

Hypertonic

solution with a higher osmotic pressure than that within cells; shrink

isotonic

solution with an osmotic pressure that is equal to that within cells

reducing agent

A chemical that is oxidized which causes another substance to be reduced

oxidizing agent

a chemical that is reduced, which causes another substance to be oxidized

Molecular Collision

Reactant molecules, ions, or atoms must come in contact with one another in order for any chemical change to occur

Activation Energy

minimum combined kinetic energy that colliding reactant particles must possess in order for their collision to result in a chemical reaction

Collision Orientation

Reaction rates are sometimes very low because reactant molecules must be oriented in a certain way in order for collisions to lead successfully to products

Chemical reaction rate

The rate at which reactants are consumed or products produced in a given time period in a chemical reaction

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

Physical nature of the reactant, reactant concentration, reaction temperature, presence of catalysts

Catalyst

lowers the Activation energy

Chemical equilibrium

The state in which forward and reverse chemical reactions occur simultaneously at the same rate

Reversible chemical reaction

Reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products in the conversion of products to reactants occurs at the same time

Equilibrium

A numerical value that characterizes the relationship between the concentration of reactants and the products in a system of a chemical equilibrium