ap human geo unit 2: population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of kids a woman will have

reasons for high tfr

financial dependency, gender preference/discrimination, high child mortality rates, lack of education

reasons for low tfr

independent women, kids are financial burdens, long work hours, educated people

overpopulation depletes ___

resources

underpopulation depletes ___

economy

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

believed that population growth will outpace food production, resulting in widespread famine

Neo-Malthusians

modern day people who agree w/ Malthus; concerned about population growth because happening in poor places around the world

Ester Boserup

theorized that an increase in population would stimulate technologists to increase food production

optimistic view on population growth: science+technology will help

Anti-Natalist Policies

Policies that discourage people from having kids. e.g one child policy, forced sterilization

Pro-Natalist Policies

Policies that either encourage births. e.g paid time off after birth, day care stipends, tax incentives

Arithmetic Density

total number of people per area of land

Physiological Density

number of people per unit area of farmable land

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

number of live births per year for every 1000 people

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

number of deaths per year for every 1000 people

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

the difference between number of births and deaths; BR-DR

Growth Rate (Doubling Time)

amount of time for population to double in size

net migration rate

immigration - emigration

demographic equation

total population change from year to year; (cbr-cdr+nmr)/10

dependecy ratio

The total number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

population under 20 and population 65+ vs 20-64

6 ways brazil lower tfr based on article (saq)

1. industrialize, modernize, urbanize; women take jobs w/ long work hours
2. unregulated birth control/medication; birth control/contraceptives more accessible
3. decrease child mortlity rates; dont need "replacement" kid
4.give docs money to do c-sections; easy to get tubes tied during c-section
5-introduce electricity/tv; show "modern" brazilian family on soap opera (family of 4)
6. make women brazilian; brazilian women strong/independent. female empowerment+education

Stage 1

pre-modern; farming

high br: need workers+high child mortality rate

high dr: malnutrition+disease

stage 2

beginning: farming

end: factories

high br: need workers, cost/benefit ratio of kids, birth control primitive

dr dropping: better access to medical stuff, food supply, hygiene, etc

stage 3

factory work

br decline: cost/benefit ratio change(benefit less cost more), women educated+empowered

dr decline: better medical stuff, sanitation

stage 4

service sector jobs

stage 1+2 deaths

crop failures, infectious diseases(cholera, tuberculosis, plague, etc)

stage 3+4 deaths

chronic diseases (heart disease, cancer, etc)

old age diseases( alzheimer's, etc)

triangle shape

stage 2; fast growth

pentagon/house shape

stage 3; moderate growth

column shape

stage 4; slow growth

skinny pentagon

stage 5; low br, lots of old people

carry capacity

max number of people who can be realistically supported by resources of that area

positive population check

factors increasing mortality (war, famine, disease, etc)

preventative/negative population check

factors decreasing fertility(moral restraint, contraception, abortion, etc)