Marine Science FINAL

Which of the following is not a type of picoplankton?

coccolithospores

This zone is defined as the water found between the low tide mark and the edge of the continental shelf.

neritic zone

Some of the most productive water in the ocean are the polar seas, what is the reasoning behind this?

There is little temperature difference between shallow and deep waters so nutrients cycle more easily.

This pelagic zone receives the most amount of light.

Epipelagic

In which zone are you most likely to find nekton?

Mesopelagic zone

Inorganic nutrients…

are naturally found in higher quantities near the coast and at the bottom of the body of water, can cause algal blooms if in excess, are brought to the surface through a process known as upwelling, and are released back into ecosystems for use by other ogranisms through the process of decomposition

Which of the following is a sink (removal) of inorganic nutrients in water?

marine feeding and growth

What are fauna?

animals

Which of the following would be considered a sessile organism?

anemone

Of the 10% of the food that stay with the organism between each trophic level, where does this food go?

to build things within the organism or becomes stored energy

The benthic zone is sometimes splashed by water but never fully submerged.

supralittoral zone

Commonly known as Neptune grass is a seagrass species that is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It forms large underwater meadows that are an important part of the ecosystem. This seagrass is considered to be what type of benthos?

epiflora

These are characterized by glass like silica shells (frustules) that are unique to each organism and contain oil filled vacuoles that help them float in the water.

diatoms

In the picture below, what fits best for A?

energy lost as heat due to cellular respiration

Which oceans experience low primary productivity regardless of ample sunlight and high carbon dioxide due to the fact that they have a thermocline year around?

tropical oceans

Following the red food chain in the web below, what is the grey whale in this chain?

secondary consumer

This prevents upwelling.

thermocline

Which of the following organisms would be considered nekton?

Whale shark

The buoy barnacle is unique in that it hangs downwards from the water surface, held up by a float of its own construction, and is carried along by ocean currents. What is this animal's lifestyle classification?

neuston

Which pelagic zone is most likely to contain phytoplankton?

epipelagic

In the picture below, what is the best choice for E?

tertiary consumers

Looking at the food web below, which organisms are acting as the primary producers?

diatoms and kelp

These organisms are partially or completely buried in the sea floor.

infauna

Out of the three oceans, these two experience more primary productivity than the other one.

polar and temperate oceans

The pelagic zone…

includes the water zone and includes areas of the ocean that receive light (photic) and areas that do not receive light (aphotic).

If pollution killed the kelpfish, which organism (in this food web) would be harmed the most and which organism population would increase?

harmed-sea lion, benefitted-purple ring top snail

Following the yellow food chain in the web below, what is the sea otter in this chain?

secondary consumer

In the picture below, what process harnesses the sun's energy and makes food for the organisms located in the 1st trophic level?

photosynthesis

Pick the location with the least amount of nutrient availability.

oceanic tropical waters

Autotrophs…

include organisms who carry out chemosynthesis, are always found in the 1st trophic level in any energy pyramid, are also called primary producers, make their own food

Plankton…

include phytoplankton, zooplankton, and picoplankton, can sometimes swim but not against the current, and are the most important primary producers in the ocean

These are characterized by having one or two whiplike flagella that they use to move vertically in the water or to change orientation.

dinoflagellates

In the picture below, what is the best description for C?

decomposers

Zooplankton are…

consumers

In the food web below, which is the best choice below for B?

autotrophs

These are responsible for upwards of 79% of all photosynthesis in water.

cyanobacteria

In the food web below, what organisms eat the purple ring top snail?

sunflower sea star, sea otter, kelpfish, and spiny lobster

Which benthic zone is found between the high and low tide mark (intertidal zone)?

littoral zone

How are colors absorbed as you go down in depth?

Red is the first to be absorbed, followed by orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet

In the picture below, how much available energy is transferred to the primary consumers?

10%

Plants have stems, but algae have…

stipes

Which term/phrase does not apply to bacteria belonging to Domain Archaea?

common

This type of prokaryote is responsible for creating the majority of the oxygen in our atmosphere?

cyanobacteria

Which phylum provides a safe haven for juvenile organisms?

magnoliphyta

Indiana has large deposits of limestone from an ancient ocean during one of earth's geological time periods. Which of the following do scientists believe are most likely responsible responsible for creating these deposits

foraminiferans

While in his college Zoology class, Trey received his research paper back on the glass octopus (see below). Trey was upset to see that his professor had to correct his writing of the scientific name, in which he had written it as vetreledonella richardi. What do you think his professor said?

You need to capitalize the genus name and either underline or italicize the entire name.

What do land plants and seagrasses have in common?

roots, pollination, flowers, and stems

The biological definition of this term is "a group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring".

species

Which type of algae is most like plants because it contains chlorophyll?

green algae

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of mangroves?

increases erosion

Zooxanthallae have a unique relationship with coral polyps in which the zooxanthallae provide the polyp with food that they make through photosynthesis and in return, the coral polyp provides the zooxanthallae with nitrogen and a place to live. This type of relationship can best be described as

mutualism, in which both organisms gain something from one another

Animals that belong to Phylum Echinodermata are recognizable by their radial symmetry and include starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and seal lilies to name several. Even though they all belong to the same Kingdom and Phylum, they all do not necessarily belong to the next more specific taxon group after the Phylum group. What is this next taxon group? 

class

if an organism has no nucleus to house the DNA and non membrane organelles then

it could belong to Domain Archaea, it is a bacteria cell, it could belong to Domain Bacteria

This taxonomic group is defined as “a group of similar species.”

genus

Algae

is sometimes put in products we use and eat as a thickening agent, can be used as food for cows to reduce methane emissions,conatins pigments such as fucozanthin, chlorophyll, and phycoerythrin, and provides food and habitats for marine organisms

All of the following secrete a calcium carbonate shell EXCEPT

dinoflagellates

These autotrophic eukaryotes create calcium carbonate scales that can turn water milky white when shed. They are responsible for the White Cliffs of Dover in England

coccolithophores

Seagrass

helps to absorb nutrient runoff from the land

Some contain luciferin and luciferase

dinoflagellates

Red algae contains phycoerythrins that allow it to live at depth. Which of the following accurately describes the function of phycoerythrins?

phycoerythrins absorb blue light

Diatoms…

create glass-like two part shells that are unique to them

Brown algae…

contains an olive/green color due to the pigment fucoxanthin

This type of algae gathers in large drifting mats, creating floating ecosystems for neuston.

sargassum

Zooxanthallae live symbiotically within coral polyps, what are they a type of and name the relationship

type of dinoflagellate, mutualism

Which term/phrase DOES NOT apply to dinoflagellates?

contains frustules/shells of silicon

Giant Kelp

is part of the same phylum as sargassum, flas with the help of pneumatocysts, and is a type of brown algae

Function of pneuatocysts

floatation

Dinoflagellates…

possess a flagella utilized for movement, include some species capable of bioluminescence, and are crucial for the survival of coral reefs

An organism that can live in the depths of the ocean under high heat and pressure and are able to make food through chemosynthesis

is an extremophile belonging to Domain Archaea

What is the purpose of cellular extensions on radiolarians?

increase surface area

These have long feather like arms with tube feet and live in perpetual darkness feeding 24 hours a day.

sea lilies

Which of the following is NOT a way that sponges protect themselves from danger or damage?

some have stinging cells

A nematocyst

is a coiled harpoon like tube with barbs and toxins found inside of a cnidocyte

Which of the following organisms would need to molt to grow?

lobster

What are the two functions of the mantle?

shell production and water circulation

Sponges are considered animals becase they possess the following characteristics

heterotrophic, multicellular, and they have different cell types with structural organization

This type of mollusk is the only one in this phylum with the ability to use nematocysts as a defense mechanism. They do this by eating cnidarians without digesting the nematocysts themselves. 

nudibranchs/slugs

This is a class of Phylum Mollusca that contains organisms that have little to no shell, use their siphon for directional movement, have advanced nervous systems compared to other invertebrates, and have the ability to change colors. 

class cephalopoda

This is the only cephalopod with an exterior shell.

nautilus

Barnacles are unique crustaceans in that they are sessile, form a calcium carbonate shell, and live their lives upside down. To what class do they belong?

cirripedia

Besides sponges, what other organisms did we study also have spicules for protection and support?

soft corals

Which of the following are characteristics of phylum Mollusca?

mantle, foot, radula, and distinct larval stages

Cnidarians can take on two body forms: polyp or medusa. Which organisms are ONLY found as polyps?

corals, anemones, and sea fans (type of soft coral)

These arthropods are important sources of food to the great filter feeders of the sea (baleen whales, manta rays, whale sharks). 

copepods and krill

Sponges have two major cell types. Which cell type is responsible for circulating water through sponge tissue?

collar cells or choanocytes

What class does this organism belong to?

class echinoidea

These are divided into a head, abdomen, and thorax, and have an exoskeleton made of chitin.

arthropods

What is not a characteristic of cnidarians?

exoskeleton made of chitin

Which is the most common characteristic of echinoderms that sets them apart from other phyla?

water vascular system with tube feet

Echinodermata meaning?

“Spiny skin”

Which structure is best described as “a muscular bad surround the gills and organs?”

mantle

Marine arthropods…

usually have an exoskeleton made of chitin (except nudibranchs), are important to the fishing industry, and have segmented bodies

When threatened, they expel a portion of their body for the predator to consume.

sea cucumbers

All of the following characteristics are true about cnidarians EXCEPT

They are always sessile

What class does this organism belong to?

class holothuroidea

Sponges have two major cell types. Which cell type is responsible distributing nutrients and acting as a simple immune system?

amoebocytes

Jellyfish…

contain stinging tentacles and are medusa shaped

These are very similar to sea stars but have longer and thinner arms that allow them to move faster through their movement.

brittle stars

What class does this organism belong to?

class asteroidea

Sponges…

contain a protein called spongin, may be hermaphroditic in some species, may produce free swimming larvae, and are filter feeders