Unit 10 - Biology

what goes here?

macrophage and antigen

what goes here?

macrophage and helper T

what goes here?

interleukins

what goes here?

killer T

what goes here?

B cells

what goes on the Y-axis in the 1st response vs. 2nd response?

amount of antibody or T cells

what goes on the X-axis in the 1st response vs. 2nd response?

days

what would you title the graph of the first response vs. the second response?

Number of T cells & Antibodies Produced During First & Second Exposure to Pathogen

draw the graphs of the First Response vs. Second Response

what are the 2 major parts of viruses?

-Genetic material
-Protein coat

what are the 2 different cycles viruses reproduce in?

1. Lytic Cycle

2. Lysogenic Cycle

what are the steps of the Lytic Cycle?

1. virus attaches to host cell because host is fooled by protein coat

2. virus inserts DNA into host cell

3. cell reads viral DNA, which tells it to make virus parts

4. virus parts are assembled

5. viruses break free from cell to infect more cells, to repeat the cycle

what are the steps of the Lysogenic Cycle?

1. viruses insert DNA or RNA

2. DNA becomes incorporated into host cells DNA

3. cells containing viral DNA are then replicated

what does it mean if a virus reproduces in the Lytic Cycle?

the virus reproduces immediately

what does it mean if a virus reproduces in the Lysogenic Cycle?

the viruses lay dormant for periods of time

what is an example of a Lytic Virus?

the flu

what is an example of a Lysogenic Virus?

herpes

Which virus is worse? Lytic or Lysogenic?

a Lysogenic Cycle turns Lytic many cells start with the infection, therefore causing more damage.

when do Infectious Diseases occur?

when microorganisms, called pathogens, disrupt normal body functions

what is a pathogen? (include examples)

a disease causing agent.
examples: bacteria, viruses, fungi

what are some common ways diseases can be transmitted?

air-borne, food or water-borne. body fluids.

what happens when a disease is caused by toxins?

-blocks enzyme functions

-can damage nervous, reproductive, and digestive systems
-may delay mental and physical development

how does your body protect you from illness?

three lines of defense

what are the 3 lines of defense?

1. Nonspecific External

2. Nonspecific Internal

3. Specific

what happens in the first line of defense?

-physical and chemical barriers

-eternal (keeps things out of your cells)

what happens in the second line of defense?

-includes inflammatory response & fever

-initiates when foreign antigens are identified in the body

what is the Inflammatory Response?

when pathogen makes it past first lube if defense, specialized mast cells release chemical signal called histamine into the blood

what does Histamine cause?

-blood vessels to expand and become leaky, causing inflammation

-specialized white blood cells called phagocytes are released into infected area

when is a fever included?

if it is necessary to kill microorganisms

what is step 1 of the specific defense system?

proteins (MHC) on all your cells to help you recognize “self” from “non-self”
- if immune systems finds a cell without your unique MHC, it starts the attack

what is step 2 of the Specific Defense System (SDS)?

it finds cells specifically designed to fight invader and attack invader.

what are the 2 different responses? (for step 2 of SDS)

Cell-Mediated Immune Response (uses T cells), Humoral Immune Response (uses B cells and antibodies)

what happens with the cell-mediated response?

-Helper T finds correct cytotoxic T cells and clones them

-cytotoxic T cells work then to find the infected body cells and inject toxin into them

-this causes infected body cells to rupture and die

what happens with the humoral response?

-correct B cells are found and cloned

-B cells can then turn into plasma cells or memory B cells

-then plasma cells make antibodies

what is step 3 of the Specific Defense System (SDS)?

-after the invader is eliminated, memory B and T cells remain

-if body sees same antigen again, it immediately will release interleukins and make antibodies

what is HIV?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Targets human Helper T cells as hosts

- Retrovirus

what are the steps of the HIV life cycle?

1. binding

2. reverse transcription

3. integration

4. transcriptions and translation

5. assembly

why is HIV so hard to fight?

-cells other than helper T cells can be infected, therefore the virus can colonize many tissues of the body

-clones quickly

how do vaccines work?

1. a weak or dead form of the germ is introduced

2. this sparks your immune response to develop antibodies that remember the germ

3. the antibodies fight off the germ if it invades again

what is herd immunity?

immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population (or herd) provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity.

when do allergies occur?

when your body makes the wrong type of antibodies.

what are some antibody functions?

• bind to and inactivate foreign pathogens

• mark invaders for destruction

• help activate immune response

what are some types of antibodies?

1. ImmunoglobulinG (IgG)

2. ImmunoglobulinD (IgD)

3. ImmunoglobulinM (IgM)

4. ImmunoglobulunE (IgE)

which lines of defense are external and which are internal?

1st line is external, 2nd and 3rd line are internal

which lines of defense are non-specific and which are specific?

1st and 2nd line are nonspecific, and the 3rd line is specific

list some examples of external structures that are part of the first line of defense

mucus, nasal hairs, skin, tears, saliva… etc

describe what happens in the second line of defense

1. pathogen enters body through break in skin

2. antigen is detected so mast cells secrete histamine causing inflammation

3. the blood vessels dilate and become leaky

4. white blood cells called macrophage come to the area and inspect pathogen

what chemical messenger is used to trigger B and T cells to clone?

interleukins

how is a memory of a pathogen kept by the immune system?

memory B and T patrol body so if same antigen is encountered a second time, antibodies produced immediately and pathogen killed before it can replicate

know how to draw the lytic and lysogenic virus life cycle

what are the major differences of lytic and lysogenic life cycles and which virus has the potential to do more damage?

lytic cycle reproduces immediately, lysogenic stays doormat for periods of time.
- lysogenic has potential to do more harm because more cells start with viral DNA

how do vaccinations work and why do they protect you from viruses you have not been directly exposed to?

expose you to the antigen so your body has an immune response which creates a memory of the antigen

how does herd immunity stop outbreaks of illness?

when enough people in a population have been vaccinated or are immune they protect those who aren’t or cant be vaccinated because they cant catch it or spread it

describe the structure of an HIV virus

-small spherical virus (RNA + plus enzymes enclosed in many layers to protect it)

-proteins on surface allow them to sneak into helper T

briefly explain the steps of the HIV life cycle

-enters Th
-RNA is turned into DNA by reverse transpiration
-DNA incorporated into host cell by interphase
-new HIV virus made, goes off to infect more

what were the two hypotheses for why certain indivuduals apppeared to have immunity to the HIV virus? WHich hypothesis was supported by the data?

super helper T cells & supper killer/cytotoxic T cells
- super helper T cells was supported by the data

which antibodies are used in allergic reactions?

IgE → attack parasites normally

1. what is an allergy?

2. how are allergies activated?

3. what is the difference between the first and second exposer to an allergen?

1. incorrect identification of antigen

2. mast cells have IgE antibodies attached to them, they explode with histamine when allergen encountered

3. 2nd encounter moves because they have attached to mast cells and know the antigen

describe the symptoms of anaphylactic shock

• low blood pressure

• swelling of throat

• lungs release mucus/ difficulty breathing

• tears

• hives

• abdominal pain