zoo final

describe blood flow through mammal circulatory system

deoxy blood into right atrium then right ventricle, out to lungs to be oxy, the oxy blood returns to left atrium then left ventricle, then fully oxy blood out to heart

what ensures rhythmic heart beat in mammals?

Sinoatrial node in right atrium

what derived trait in mammals allow each cell to contain more hemoglobin?

mammal red blood cells do not have nucleus, a derived trait not in any other vertebrates

defining characteristics of mammals?

• Hair

• Mammary glands

• Sebaceous skin

• Jaw bones and muscles

• Specialized nasal bones

• Specialized teeth

• Ear structure

• Specialized kidney

• Cerebral cortex

• True gestational pregnancy

what are the benefits of fur/hair in mammals?

• Made of keratin protein

• 2 types of hair

  • Under hair: dense, soft, insulation to retain body temp

  • Guard hair: coarse, longer, protection and coloration

• Vibrissae (whiskers/bristles) attach to nerves and provide sensory info

• communication

what are the 2 types of hair in mammals?

• Under hair: dense, soft, insulation to retain body temp

• Guard hair: coarse, longer, protection and coloration

what is fur/hair made of?

keratin protein

what is vibrissae?

whiskers/bristles that attach to nerves and provide sensory info

what are mammary glands?

• Secrete milk

• Ductal system surrounded by milk producing cells, secreted through nipples 

• Glands vary from 2-20

• Grow late in pregnancy in response to hormones

• Lactation means offspring do not forage on own, mother supplies nutrients

what are sebaceous glands?

Excrete sebum lipids to keep skin/hair soft and pliable, helps waterproof skin

what are eccrine glands?

• Secrete watery fluid

• Allows temp regulation (perspiration)

• Not all animals have, found in hairless areas of body, most primates (and horses) have them scattered through body

what glands allow perspiration?

eccrine glands

what are apocrine glands?

• Secrete milky odorous fluid, scent gland, used for communication

• Develop during sexual maturity

• Location dependent on species

  • Skunks can discharge secretions 6-10 ft

how did olfaction impact mammals brain?

• Have highly developed sense of vision, hearing, taste, and smell

• Sense of smell especially well developed and linked to skin glands used extensively in communication

• Olfactory receptors distributed in nasal cavity and connected to olfactory bulb in brain

  • Some have vomeronasal organ (Jacobson’s organ)

• Info processed by cerebral cortex, outermost layer of gray matter which receives all sensory info and controls voluntary muscle movement, memory, judgement…

what is the kidneys with loops of henle function?

• Able to concentrate urine to maintain osmoregulation

• Urine has high concentration of solutes, up to 4x concentration of blood 

• Urinary bladder

what is the pulmonary systems function?

• Inhale air through nasal cavity, turbinate bones in nasal cavity warms air and adds moisture

• Air flows through pharynx and larynx and into trachea which funnels inhaled air into lungs and exhaled air out of lungs

• Trachea divides into 2 major branches, called primary bronchi

  • All bronchi tubes are lined w smooth muscle (can contract to push air out of lungs-cough) and hyaline cartilage

  • Inside each tube are goblet cells to produce mucus and ciliated cells to remove particles in air

• Each primary bronchus branches into secondary branches into secondary bronchi which branch into tertiary bronchi which branches into bronchioles, each bifurcation (or branch) leads to a smaller passage

what are the parts of the trachea?

• Trachea divides into 2 major branches, called primary bronchi

  • All bronchi tubes are lined w smooth muscle (can contract to push air out of lungs-cough) and hyaline cartilage

  • inside each tube are goblet cells to produce mucus and ciliated cells to remove particles in air

• Each primary bronchus branches into secondary branches into secondary bronchi which branch into tertiary bronchi which branches into bronchioles, each bifurcation (or branch) leads to a smaller passage

what are the benefits of mammals external ears?

Greater surface area to receive soundwaves and dissipate heat

what are flight adaptations?

• Wings

  • Modified hand/paw w membrane skin extending to back limbs 

  • True flight (bats)

• Patagium

  • Skin that extends from sides of body to front and back limbs

  • Gliding flight (flying squirrels)

what is echolocation and who uses it?

• Bats produce short, high frequency pulses from their mouth

• Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises) produce clicks in nasal passage and then focused in their melon

How are horns and antlers different?

• True horns occur in Bovidae family (sheep, cattle, antelopes)

  • Have bone core extending from skull w epidermal layer covering bone and keratin layer covering epidermal

  • Not shed

  • Don’t branch

  • Grow continuously in both sexes

• Antlers occur in Cervidae family (deer)

  • Grow in spring, shed in fall after breeding ssn

  • Solid bone covered in velvet

  • Are shed

  • Do branch

  • Grow for limited time in males only (caribou/reindeer females are exception)

what are true horns and what family/species do they occur in?

• True horns occur in Bovidae family (sheep, cattle, antelopes)

  • Have bone core extending from skull w epidermal layer covering bone and keratin layer covering epidermal

  • Not shed

  • Don’t branch

  • Grow continuously in both sexes

what are antlers and what family/species do they occur in?

• Antlers occur in Cervidae family (deer)

  • Grow in spring, shed in fall after breeding ssn

  • Solid bone covered in velvet

  • Are shed

  • Do branch

  • Grow for limited time in males only (caribou/reindeer females are exception)

how are mammals mouth musculature and teeth different than other animals?

• lower jaw comprised of 1 bone called dentary hinged to temporal bone of skull

• Abductor muscle closes jaw, temporalis, and masseter allowing up/down and side/side movement

• Specialized heterodont teeth w diff teeth for diff functions

  • Other vertebrates are homodonts

• Diphyodonts

  • Mammals have “baby” teeth and adult teeth wherease most other vertebrates can replace teeth through their life

what are diphyodonts?

Mammals have “baby” teeth and adult teeth wherease most other vertebrates can replace teeth through their life

what are mammals different feeding specializations?

• insectivores

• herbivores

• carnivores

• omivores

what are insectivores?

• Eat insects and other inverts

• No food requiring prolonged fermentation due to short intestinal tracts

• Specialized teeth to crush exoskeleton

• Shrews, moles, bats, anteaters…

what are herbivores?

• Feed on grass and other veg

• No canine teeth, premolars/molars for grinding

• Digesting cellulose requires specific anaerobic bacteria that produce cellulase 

• Very long digestive tract

  • Non ruminants: fermentation occurs in colon or cecum (elephants, horses)

  • Remnants: fermentation occurs in 4 chambered stomach (bison, antelope, giraffes)

• eat continuously

what are non ruminants vs ruminants in herbivores?

• Non ruminants: fermentation occurs in colon or cecum (elephants, horses)

• Remnants: fermentation occurs in 4 chambered stomach (bison, antelope, giraffes)

what are carnivores?

• Feed on other vertebrates, aquatic mollusks, crustaceans

• Large canines, pre molars/molars to shear muscle away from bones 

• Protein easier to digest than cellulose, they have short digestive tract

• Eat in large discrete meals

• Very intelligent

what are omnivores?

• Feed on both plant and animal

• Versatile teeth w round molars for crushing

• Pigs, bears, primates

how do mammals reproduce?

• Most have defined mating ssn in winter or spring

• Females coming into estrus defines mating ssn

  • Monoestrous: 1 estrus cycle per breeding ssn (fox, wolves, bats)

  • Polyestrous: recurrent estrus cycles per breeding ssn (most mammals) 

• Fall into 1 of 3 reproductive patterns

  • monotremes

  • marsupials

  • placentals (eutherians)

monoestrous vs polyestrpus?

• Monoestrous: 1 estrus cycle per breeding ssn (fox, wolves, bats)

• Polyestrous: recurrent estrus cycles per breeding ssn (most mammals) 

what are the 3 reproductive patterns?

• Monotremes

  • Platypus, echidnas

  • 1 breeding ssn/year

  • eggs hatch relatively underdeveloped

  • Thin, leathery shell secreted around embryo

    • Platypus: eggs laid in burrow, brooded by mother

    • Echidnas: eggs brooded in abdominal pouch

  • Have mammary glands but no nipples

• Marsupials

  • Kangaroos, opossums, tasmanian devils, koalas

  • Pouched viviparous 

  • Short placental gestation, embryos born anatomically and physiologically underdeveloped

  • Once born embryo crawls to pouch and attaches to nipple to complete development

  • Female kangaroos have unique reproduction, embryonic diapause, where embryo is attached to nipple in pouch the female can get pregnant again

    • This embryos development stops while “joey” in pouch continues to grow, and once joey leaves the diapaused embryo continues to develop and is born ~33 days later  

• Placentals (eutherians)

  • Viviparous placental w prolonged gestation that increases w body size

  • Placenta connects to mothers uterus where gas, waste, and nutrient exchange occur

  • Once born young are either

    • Altricial: blind, sometimes hairless, helpless

    • Precocial: fur, open eyes, able to move around

  • Mother produces milk for young to nurse and teaches young to be an adult

what are monotremes?

• Platypus, echidnas

• 1 breeding ssn/year

• eggs , typically 2, fertilized in oviduct and develop in uterus 10-12 days, hatch elatively underdeveloped

• Thin, leathery shell secreted around embryo

  • Platypus: eggs laid in burrow, brooded by mother

  • Echidnas: eggs brooded in abdominal pouch

• Have mammary glands but no nipples

what are marsupials?

• Kangaroos, opossums, tasmanian devils, koalas

• Pouched viviparous 

• Short placental gestation, embryos born anatomically and physiologically underdeveloped

• Once born embryo crawls to pouch and attaches to nipple to complete development

• Female kangaroos have unique reproduction, embryonic diapause, where embryo is attached to nipple in pouch the female can get pregnant again

  • This embryos development stops while “joey” in pouch continues to grow, and once joey leaves the diapaused embryo continues to develop and is born ~33 days later 

what are placentals (eutherians)?

• Viviparous placental w prolonged gestation that increases w body size

  • mice=21 days

  • wolves=63 days

  • horses=330 days

  • elephant=22 months

• Placenta connects to mothers uterus where gas, waste, and nutrient exchange occur

• Once born young are either

  • Altricial: blind, sometimes hairless, helpless

  • Precocial: fur, open eyes, able to move around

• Mother produces milk for young to nurse and teaches young to be an adult

What is the primary function of hair in mammals?

To trap a layer of air to maintain body temperature

Which gland is responsible for producing sebum, providing water resistance and lubrication for hair in mammals?

Sebaceous gland

Which group of muscles allows mammals to perform chewing movements?

Adductor muscles

What is the term for mammals having different types and shapes of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars?

heterodont

What is the specialized group of cardiac cells located in the walls of the right atrium, determining the heart rate in mammals?

sinoatrial node

What distinguishes mammalian erythrocytes (red blood cells) from those of other vertebrates?

Lack of nuclei in erythrocytes

What distinguishes monotremes (prototheria) from other mammals?

egg laying

What is unique about the gestational period of marsupials (metatheria)?

It is only about a month long.

What feature distinguishes placental (eutheria) mammals from monotremes and marsupials?

Chorioallantoic placenta

Which of the following lead to the great diversity of mammal species?

feeding specialization

What are the differences between Ultimate versus Proximate Causations?

• Ultimate (why)

  • Evolutionary 

  • What led to this behavior?

  • How does this behavior increase relative fitness

  • Ultimate causations are dependent on proximate causations

  • Ex. why do zebras group in herds?

• Proximate (how)

  • Physiological

  • What mechanism led to this behavior?

    • Nervous, endocrine 

  • Proximate causations lead to ultimate causations

  • Ex. what pushes them to group in herds

what is ultimate causation?

• Ultimate (why)

  • Evolutionary 

  • What led to this behavior?

  • How does this behavior increase relative fitness

  • Ultimate causations are dependent on proximate causations

  • Ex. why do zebras group in herds?

what is proximate causation?

• Proximate (how)

  • Physiological

  • What mechanism led to this behavior?

    • Nervous, endocrine 

  • Proximate causations lead to ultimate causations

  • Ex. what pushes them to group in herds

Kinesis versus Taxis?

• 2 diff types of movement

• Kinesis is undirected movement in response to stimulus

• Taxis is directed movement towards or away from stimulus

what is kinesis?

undirected movement in response to stimulus

what is taxis?

directed movement towards or away from stimulus

what are innate behaviors?

• Instinctual

• genetic 

• Independent of enviro influence

• Occur naturally in response to specific stimulus 

• Ex. spider spinning web, suckling behavior

what is a fixed action pattern?

• Movement elicited in response to stimulus, movement continues when stimulus is changed or removed

• Ex. Male sickleback attacking anything with red on its underside

• Ex. Geese retrieving eggs that have rolled from their nest using head tucking movements

what is migration?

• Long range seasonal movement

• Response to change in source availability 

• Innate, but pattern and destination learned

• Ex. birds migrating to warmer weather

what is foraging?

• Movement to search for food/water

• Optimal patterns maximize energy gain and minimize energy loss

what is group living?

• Living in group requires innate behaviors

• Even solitary animals must interact w others to mate

• 3 general characteristics of innate behaviors involved in animal interactions

  • Communication

  • Altruistic behavior

  • Mating rituals

What are the different ways animals can communicate?

• Communication

  • Chemical (pheromones)

    • Ex. wolf peeing on trees to mark territory

  • Visual (courtship and aggressive displays)

  • Aural (sound)

  • Tactile (touch)

• Mating rituals

• Altruistic behavior

  • Lower fitness of individuals exhibiting behavior and increase fitness of another

  • Ex. mutual grooming, beggar bats, wolves bringing food back from hunt

What is the difference between interspecific and intraspecific mate selection?

• Intersexual selection

  • Individuals of 1 sex choose mates of the other sex based on visual, aural, tactile, and chemical cues

  • Ex. female peacocks choose mates w brightest plumage

• Intrasexual selection

  • Competition for mates within same sex, involving displays and aggressive rituals

  • Ex. male giraffes head butt to determine dominance and access to females

what is intersexual selection?

• Individuals of 1 sex choose mates of the other sex based on visual, aural, tactile, and chemical cues

• Ex. female peacocks choose mates w brightest plumage

what is intrasexual selection?

• Competition for mates within same sex, involving displays and aggressive rituals

• Ex. male giraffes head butt to determine dominance and access to females

What are the three main mating types?

• Monogamous: 1 male and 1 female pair for atleast 1 breeding ssn

  • Gray wolves, female gets parental care from father

• Polygynous: 1 male mates w multiple females

  • Elephant seal, mae can mate with many females and females are protected

• Polyandrous: 1 female mates w many males

  • Sea horses, males don’t have to look for mate and females can mate with many males

monogamous?

• 1 male and 1 female pair for atleast 1 breeding ssn

  • Gray wolves, female gets parental care from father

polygynous?

• 1 male mates w multiple females

  • Elephant seal, male can mate with many females and females are protected

polyandrous?

• 1 female mates w many males

  • Sea horses, males don’t have to look for mate and females can mate with many males

what are learned behaviors?

• Flexible and can be modified

• Occur as result of experience 

• Able to adapt to changes in enviro

• Ex. young animals playing, gorilla using tools

• 2 main types of simple learned behaviors

  • Habituation

  • imprinting

what is habituation?

• Simple form of learning in which animal stops responding to stimulus after repeated exposure

• Exposure can be positive or associated w no harm

what is imprinting?

• Seen in many newly born/hatched animals

• Ex. hatchling ducks recognize and bond w first big animal they see, typically their mother

What is the main difference between taxis and kinesis?

Taxis is directed movement, while kinesis is undirected movement

Which of the following best describes a fixed action pattern?

Series of movements elicited by a stimulus, continuing after its removal.

What is the purpose of migration in animals?

Long-range seasonal movement in response to resource availability

What is optimal foraging behavior, and why is it favored by natural selection?

Feeding behaviors maximizing energy gain and minimizing energy expenditure

What are the different types of signals used by animals for communication within a species?

Chemical, aural, visual, and tactile.

Explain the overall role of pheromones in animal communication?

Pheromones elicit specific behaviors.

What is the concept of altruistic behaviors?

Altruistic behaviors benefit others at a cost to the individual exhibiting the behavior.

Which type of selection involves individuals of one sex choosing mates of the other sex based on visual, aural, tactile, and chemical cues?

Intersexual selection

What is a characteristic feature of polyandrous mating systems

 One female mates with many males

What is the significance of imprinting in the maturation process of young animals?

It fosters a bond with the first adult seen, promoting protection and survival.