Intro to Human Biology -- Exam #5

Sickle-cell anemia

Sickle-cell anemia

an inherited disorder, red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells

Pernicious anemia

A decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough vitamin B-12, very rare.

Iron-deficiency anemia

Too few healthy red blood cells due to too little iron in the body. Without enough iron, red blood cells can't carry enough oxygen to body tissues.

hemorrhagic anemia

Hemolytic anemia is a disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made. The destruction of red blood cells is called hemolysis.

What is hemophilia?

Hemophilia is usually an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly.

When it come to the circulatory system, what is the difference between constrict and dilate?

The constriction of arterioles increases resistance, which causes a decrease in blood flow to downstream capillaries and a larger decrease in blood pressure. Dilation of arterioles causes a decrease in resistance, increasing blood flow to downstream capillaries and a smaller decrease in blood pressure.

Plasma

Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. About 55% of our blood is plasma

Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, deliver oxygen to the tissues in your body.

Platelets

Platelets, or thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. Platelets are made in our bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue inside our bones.

What is the anatomy of the trachea?

The trachea is a midline structure and lies just anterior the esophagus. After it originates from the larynx, the trachea divides into the left and right mainstem bronchi.

what organ is responsible for the absorption of the vitamin B12?

The ileum is the major site of absorption of vitamin B12 analogues.

What is the myocardium?

The muscles of the heart, termed the myocardium, make up the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall.

Monocytes

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell (leukocytes) that reside in your blood and tissues to find and destroy germs (viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa) and eliminate infected cells.

Lymphocytes

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. The B cells produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins. The T cells destroy the body's own cells that have themselves been taken over by viruses or become cancerous.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell. They make up the biggest number of all kinds of white blood cells. They kill and digest bacteria and fungi to help your body fight infections and heal wounds.

Eosinophils

Eosinophils play two roles in your immune system: Destroy foreign substances. Eosinophils consume matter flagged by your immune system as harmful. For example, they fight matter from parasites. Control infection.

What is leukemia?

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal blood cells.

What is the purpose of valves in the veins?

valves take blood back to the heart against the force of gravity

What is the purpose of heart valves?

The valves prevent the backward flow of blood. These valves are actual flaps that are located on each end of the two ventricles (lower chambers of the heart). They act as one-way inlets of blood on one side of a ventricle and one-way outlets of blood on the other side of a ventricle.

What causes blood to move through veins?

skeletal muscle action, respiratory movements, and constriction of smooth muscle in venous walls.

What is meant by inspiration and expiration?

Inspiration allows air to flow into the lungs. The second phase is expiration. Expiration involves gases leaving the lungs.

What is asthma?

A condition in which a person's airways become inflamed, narrow and swell, and produce extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe.

How does breathing help move blood?

When we breathe in, the millions of air sacs in the lungs fill with fresh oxygenated air. The oxygen then moves into the blood by passing first through the very thin walls of the air sacs and then into the capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels in a network within the lungs.

What types of teeth found in your mouth and their functions?

The incisors are used for biting and cutting food, the canines are used for tearing and grasping food, the premolars are used for crushing and grinding food, and the molars are used for chewing and grinding food.

What enzyme breaks down starch?

Amylase

What is the alveolus?

very small air sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

What is infectious mononucleosis?

Often called mono or kissing disease, an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus. Mono is transmitted by saliva.

What is the pericardium?

The pericardium is a fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels. It keeps the heart in a stable location

What is the endocardium?

The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart. It lines the inner surfaces of the heart chambers, including the heart valves. The endocardium has two layers. The inner layer lines the heart chambers and is made of endothelial cells.

What is heart block?

Heart block, also called AV block, is when the electrical signal that controls your heartbeat is partially or completely blocked. This makes your heart beat slowly or skip beats and your heart can't pump blood effectively.

What is the function of the nose?

The nasal cavity functions to humidify, warm, filter, and act as a conduit for inspired air, as well as protect the respiratory tract

What is hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport protein in blood

What is the function of a decongestant?

Decongestants are a type of medicine that can provide short-term relief for a blocked or stuffy nose (nasal congestion). They work by reducing the swelling of the blood vessels in your nose. This helps to open up the airways.

What is blood doping?

Blood doping is a form of doping in which the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream is boosted in order to enhance athletic performance. Because such blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a higher concentration in the blood can improve an athlete's aerobic capacity and endurance.

What is vital capacity?

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.

What is residual capacity?

volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration.

What is tidal volume?

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

What is meant by systole and diastole?

Cardiac cycle events can be divided into diastole and systole. Diastole represents ventricular filling, and systole represents ventricular contraction/ejection. Systole and diastole occur in both the right and left heart, though with very different pressures

What is the purpose of bile?

Bile is a fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps with digestion. It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract.

What is the function of red bone marrow?

Produces red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells are created.

What is the Heimlich Maneuver?

Abdominal thrusts, also known as the Heimlich maneuver or Heimlich manoeuvre, is a first-aid procedure used to treat upper-airway obstructions by foreign objects.

What is the function of the small intestine?

break down food, absorb nutrients needed for the body, and get rid of the unnecessary components. It also plays a role in the immune system, acting as a barrier to a multitude of flora that inhabits the gut and to make sure no harmful bacteria enter the body.

What is the function of the large intestine?

absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination.

What is the function of the rectum?

collect and hold your poop until it's time to release it.

What is the function of the stomach?

An organ with strong muscular walls, the stomach holds the food and mixes it with acid and enzymes that continue to break the food down into a liquid or paste.

Why would a person need a pacemaker?

their heart beats too slowly (called bradycardia), or it pauses, causing fainting spells or other symptoms. In some cases, the pacemaker may also be used to prevent or treat a heartbeat that is too fast (tachycardia) or irregular.

What are the AV valves?

The atrioventricular valves are the mitral valve, and the tricuspid valve, which are situated between the atria and the ventricles, and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole. They are anchored to the walls of the ventricles by chordae tendineae, which prevent them from inverting.

Describe the correct sequence of the blood flow from the heart?

heart, artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein, heart

Which vessels contain the most pressure from the heart?

Large arteries receive the highest pressure of blood flow and are thicker and more elastic to accommodate the high pressures.

Which vessel takes blood back to the heart?

veins

When capillaries merge they are called what?

venules

What are the layers of the gastrointestinal tract?

the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

What is an aneurism and where would it most likely occur?

An aneurysm is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel resulting in an abnormal widening or ballooning greater than 50% of the vessel's normal diameter (width). An aneurysm may occur in any blood vessel, but is most often seen in an artery rather than a vein.

Describe the chambers of the heart and which one requires the most blood?

The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle, which has the most blood.

What is emphysema?

Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged.

Why is surfactant important to the lungs?

It is essential for efficient exchange of gases and for maintaining the structural integrity of alveoli.

What cells produces antibodies?

Antibodies are naturally produced by plasma cells within the human body

Where are the alveoli located?

The alveoli are located in the alveolar sacs of the lungs in the pulmonary lobules of the respiratory zone.

What vessel goes from the heart to the brain?

The entire blood supply of the brain and spinal cord depends on two sets of branches from the dorsal aorta

What structure in the respiratory system helps prevent choking?

The epiglottis also protects the body from choking on food that would normally obstruct the airway.

What substance in our drinking water helps prevent tooth decay?

Fluoride

Damage to which organ can create a yellow color in the eyes and skin?

Jaundice can occur when too much bilirubin builds up in the body. Jaundice can occur if: Too many red blood cells are dying or breaking down and going to the liver. The liver is overloaded or damaged.