Amphibians are ( ) and include
vertebrate tetrapods; frogs, salamanders, and caecilians
Amphibia are the only
true vertebrates that have made a transition from water to land both in their ontogeny and phylogeny
Amphibians are characterized by
four well-developed limbs, moist permeable skin used for respiration and water intake
All extant adult amphibians are
carnivorous
The jaws of amphibians include
multiple small teeth at edge, and may contain vomerine teeth at the roof of the mouth
Amphibian teeth are
pedicellate, which means that the root and crown are calcified and separated by a zone of noncalcified tissue
Amphibian eyes are
image-forming with color vision
Ears in amphibians are
best developed in frogs and toads; frogs have an inner ear for detecting higher and lower sounds (pa
The fossil record shows that evidenve of the first tetrapods:
now-extinct amphibian species dating to nearly 400 million years ago
Aquatic tetrapods of the Devonian period include
Ichthyostega and Acanthostega
The Carboniferous period is sometimes called
age of the amphibians
All living amphibians are classified into ( ), which includes
lissamphibia; Urodela(tailed), Anura (tailless), and apoda (legless)
The order Urodela includes
salamanders
Salamanders have a ( ) body plan and move by
generalized tetrapod; bending their bodies from side to side (lateral undulation)
The majority of salamander’s respiration goes through
the skin or external gills in aquatic species
salamanders reproduce through ( ) where the male
internal fertilization; deposits sperm in a packet called a spermatophore, which is subsequently picked up by the female
Anura include
frogs
The body plan of frogs include
hind limbs and an arrow-like endoskeleton
Frog eggs are fertilized
externally
The life cycle of frogs consists of
two distinct stages: larval followed by metamorphosis to the adult stage
Apoda include
caecilians
Caecilians have no
limbs
caecilians feed by
using teeth in both jaws on a variety of organisms found in soil
Caecilians have a
single lung
In caecilians, males have ( ) and fertilization is ( )
copulatory structures; internal