BIOL 1030 Hawthorne Exam 3

Fungi and Animals

Fungi

eukaryotic, cell walls w chitin, heterotrophic by assimilation, reproduction by spores

Fungi reproduction

zygotic meiosis with modification, fertilization, syngamy, plasmogamy, karyogamy

or

mitotic asexual

syngamy

fusion of gametes

plasmogamy

fusion of plasma membranes

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

heterotrophic by assimilation/absorption

absorb nutrients from outside its body, secrete hydrolytic enzymes

hydrolytic enzymes

breaks down complex molecules and absorbs them

fungi body plan filamentous

multicellular, hypha + mycelium

hypha(e)

network of tiny, tubular filaments

mycelium

interwoven mass of hyphae, infiltrates material it feeds on

fungi single celled

yeasts

septate hypha

septum=cross walls, large pores (fit nuclei)

coenocytic hypha

continuous cytoplasmic mass, 100s-1,00s of nuclei (nuclear division without cytokinesis)

ancestral evolutionary trends of fungi

single posterior flagellum

hyphae coenocytic

microscopic

isogamous

derived evolutionary trends of fungi

loss of flagella

hyphae septate

macroscopic

anisogamous

Fungi niches

all heterotrophic soo… decomposers, pathogens, or mutualistic symbiosis

decomposers

mostly plant material, especially good at wood

pathogens

some animal and human pathogens, mostly plant pathogens

mutualistic symbioses

lichens, mycorrhizas

groups of fungi

not clades, grades. imperfect fungi, lichenized fungi

kingdom fungi includes phylums:

chytridiomycota

zoopagomycota

mucoromycota

ascomycota

basidiomycota

Phylum Chytridiomycota (the chytrids)

polyphyletic

several basal lineages of fungi

coenocytic hyphae

microscopic

aquatic (freshwater) and soil fungi

flagellated zoospores

only 1,000 species

Batrachochytrium dendrobatids (Bd)

phylum chytridiomycota

amphibian skin parasite

Phylum Zoopagomycota

about 900 species

coenocytic

parasite or commensal

some insect pathogens: biocontrol

spores without flagella

Phylum Mucoromycota

750 species

coenocytic hyphae, aseptate

non flagellated spores

zygosporangia

fast growing mold

endomycorrhizal fungi

zygosporangia

thick-walled, dormant zygospores

Phylum Mucoromycota

fast growing mold, “sugar fungi”

rot bread, peaches, strawberries sweet potatoes

mainly plants

Phylum Mucoromycota

Endomycorrhizal fungi

inside root fungus, asexual, mutualistic root inhabitants

Phylum Mucoromycota

parts that makeup Endomycorrhiza fungi

arbuscles (little trees) exchange nutrients

hyphae explore soil with their increased surface: volume ratio

exchange photosynthate (sugar) for minerals (especially phosphate)

phylum ascomycota

sac fungi

biggest phylum, >90,000 species

some macrofungi

most are microfungi

septate monokeryon

many plant pathogens

asexual spores- conidia

sexual spores- ascospores (produced in an ascus)

Phylum Basidiomycota

club fungi

mushrooms and toadstools

no asexual spores

sexual spores= basidospores

>30,000 species

Basidiomycota includes:

mushrooms, toadstools, pore fungi, rusts, smuts, jelly fungi, stinkhorns, puffballs, earthstars, boletes, chanterelles

imperfect fungi

have no known sexual stage

produce spores by mitosis

conidia produced on conidiophores

no taxonomic grouping

found in all fungi phyla

ex. penicillium, aspergillus, rhizoctonia, trichonderma

lichens

mutualistic symbiosis between fungus and photosynthetic organism

most are ascomycetes

don’t represent a clade

~20,000 species

fungus in Lichens

mycobiont

overall shape/structure

provides a suitable environment for alga/cyanobacterium

gas exchange, protection, minerals, water retentions

alga/cyanobacterium in Lichens

photobiont

inner layer below the lichen surface

provides carbon compounds

cyanobacterium can fix nitrogen

animalia synapomorphies

heterotrophic by ingestion

gametic meiosis

locomotory structures present

true multicellularity

no cell walls

evolutionary trends in animals

planes of symmetry

levels of organization

embryotic development

body cavity

planes of symmetry

asymmetry → radial symmetry → bilateral symmetry → 2⁰ radial symmetry

levels of organization

cells → tissues → organs and organ systems

embryotic development

diplobastic or triploblastic

diploblastic

2 germ layers

ectoderm and endoderm

includes ctenophora and chideria

triplobastic

3 germ layers

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

includes bilateria

endoderm

lining of digestive tract and organs

ectoderm

outside covering, nervous system

mesoderm

muscles, organs, bones

protostomes

mouth from blastophore

ex. lophotrochozoa, acoelomates, ecdysozoa

deuterostome

annus from blastopore

ex. Echinodermata, Chordata

body cavity

fluid or air-filled space between endoderm and ectoderm

acoelomates → pseudocoelomates → coelomates

phylum porifera

“bearing holes”

lack tissues

filter feeders

5,500 species

sexual reproduction

sequential hermaphrodites

flagellated, swimming larva

sessile adult

sponges

sequential hermaphrodites

first male then female

amoebocyte

totipotent, makes spicules, digestion and nutrient distrobution

spicules

secreted by amoebocytes, skeleton fibers, may be calcareous, silicules or protein (spongin)

pinacocyte

analogous to epithelial cells

mesohyl

matrix of sponge cells/spicules. gas distrobution

pores

ostia-holes for water entry

spongocoel

internal cavity. lined with multiple flagellated chambers

porocyte

form pores

osculum

opening. exit for water

body types of sponges

ascon, sycon, leucon

ascon

a single flagellated chamber. contains choanocytes, single osculum and porocyte

sycon

multiple flagellated chambers, ostia are multicellular, also contains single osculum

leucon

multiple oscula, multiple flagellated chambers, contains incurrent and excurrent canals

class calcarea

all marine sponges

calcareous spicules

small

contain all 3 body types

“calcareous sponges”

Class Hexactiellida

deep marine species

siliceous- rayed spicules

body sycon/leucon intermediate

cells fused as syncytium

spongiosa shrimp symbionts

“glass sponges”

class Demospongiae

largest class of porifera- 80% of all species

marine and freshwater

silicious spicules and/or spongin fibers (1 or both)

leucon body type

“demosponges”

Phylum ctenophora

convergent evolution of neutral networks and other “eumetazoans”

true animals with tissues

ctenophora

100 species

diploblastic

biradial symmetry

colloblasts

8 ctenes/combs

indescence

bioluminescence

locomotion

comb jellies

colloblasts

gluey cells that trap prey

8 ctenes/combs

rows of fused cilia, propel animal

Phylum cnidaria

hyrdas, jellyfish, corals, anemones

diploblastic

-1 opening is both mouth and anus

radial symmetry

tentacle

captures prey, pushes into mouth

cnidocyte

stinging cell

manubrim

flexible stalk. connect mouth to GVC

cnidaria diversity

includes classes hydrozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthrozoa

class hydrozoa

most alternate between polp and medusa forms

• obelia

• physalia physalis

hydras

• fresh water

• only polyp form

physalia physalis

Portuguese man of war

class scyphozoa

true jellies

medusa is dominant phase

may lack polyp phase (in open ocean)

many bioluminescent

class cubozoa

cube animals

medusa is dominant phase

box shaped

tropical oceans

highly toxic cnidocytes

class anthozoa

sea anemones and corals

only polyps

colonial and solitary forms

large, subdivided gastrovascular cavity

• septum divides chambers

acontia threads with stinging cells

calcium carbonate exoskeleton, building upon remains of earlier layers

coral reefs

symbionts of anthozoa

zoochlorellae (green algae) and zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate)

clade bilateria

superphylum: lophotrochozoa (acoelomates)

• phylum patyhelminthes

  • subphylum: raditophora

    • class: cestode

    • class: tremotoda

• phylum nemertea

Bilateria synapomorphies and evolutionary trends

bilateral symmetry

cephalization (head, sensory structures)

mesoderm in embryo→triploblastic

organs and organ systems

Proteosome phyla

blastophore becomes mouth

development *on chart

lophotrochozoa, phylum platyhelminthes

mostly parasitic

some free living

typically have simple or no gut

lophotrochozoa, subphylum: Rhabditophora

some parasites

mostly free living

marine flatworm

planarian

have circular longitudinal parenchymal muscles

regeneration

lyphotrochozoa, platyhelminthes, class: cestoda

all parasitic

tapeworms- absorb nutrients

scolex

anterior end of tapeworm, suckers, hooks

attaches to small intestine

proglottids

posterior end

sacs of sex organs

1000s of fertilized eggs

exit in feces

lophotrochozoa, platyhelminthes, class: trematod

flukes

all parasitic

lophotrochozoa. nemertea

ribbon worms

proboscis worms

• complete gut

• true circulatory system

• 1,000 species

rhynchocoel

tube that holds the inward proboscis

proboscis

retractable protrusion

lophotrochozoa, phylum: syndermata, group: rotifera

wheel bearer

wheels=corona- crown of cilia

cilia beat in metachronal synchrony

currents bring food to the mastax, a modified pharynx

lophotrochozoa, phylum: gastrotricha

hair belly

microscopic, worm-like, aquatic

less than 1,000 species known

hermaphrodites

lophotrochozoa, phylum: Annelida

little rings

coelom

trochophore larva

• ciliated

segmented worms

• somites

• repeated organs

• partioning of coelom

• differentiation of segments

excretory system

• pair of nephridia per segment

class polychaeta

all marine

many setae

often with distinct head (antennae and eyes)

parapodia in most → parid lateral appendages used for locomotion, respiration, and feeding

ex. sedentary- feather duster. errant- sea mouse

errant: palolo worms

strobilization by epitoky

anterior segment is the atoke (head, immature)

posterior is epitoke

• full of gametes

synchronous release of epitokes lead to fertilization

class oligochaeta

marine, freshwater, and terrestrial forms

few setae/bristles

• very small

• anchor segments as they crawl

clitellum

hermaphrodites

cross-fertilization

fragmentation and regeneration

clitellum

produces mucus, used for sperm transfer and cocoon formation