Fungi and Animals
Fungi
eukaryotic, cell walls w chitin, heterotrophic by assimilation, reproduction by spores
Fungi reproduction
zygotic meiosis with modification, fertilization, syngamy, plasmogamy, karyogamy
or
mitotic asexual
syngamy
fusion of gametes
plasmogamy
fusion of plasma membranes
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
heterotrophic by assimilation/absorption
absorb nutrients from outside its body, secrete hydrolytic enzymes
hydrolytic enzymes
breaks down complex molecules and absorbs them
fungi body plan filamentous
multicellular, hypha + mycelium
hypha(e)
network of tiny, tubular filaments
mycelium
interwoven mass of hyphae, infiltrates material it feeds on
fungi single celled
yeasts
septate hypha
septum=cross walls, large pores (fit nuclei)
coenocytic hypha
continuous cytoplasmic mass, 100s-1,00s of nuclei (nuclear division without cytokinesis)
ancestral evolutionary trends of fungi
single posterior flagellum
hyphae coenocytic
microscopic
isogamous
derived evolutionary trends of fungi
loss of flagella
hyphae septate
macroscopic
anisogamous
Fungi niches
all heterotrophic soo… decomposers, pathogens, or mutualistic symbiosis
decomposers
mostly plant material, especially good at wood
pathogens
some animal and human pathogens, mostly plant pathogens
mutualistic symbioses
lichens, mycorrhizas
groups of fungi
not clades, grades. imperfect fungi, lichenized fungi
kingdom fungi includes phylums:
chytridiomycota
zoopagomycota
mucoromycota
ascomycota
basidiomycota
Phylum Chytridiomycota (the chytrids)
polyphyletic
several basal lineages of fungi
coenocytic hyphae
microscopic
aquatic (freshwater) and soil fungi
flagellated zoospores
only 1,000 species
Batrachochytrium dendrobatids (Bd)
phylum chytridiomycota
amphibian skin parasite
Phylum Zoopagomycota
about 900 species
coenocytic
parasite or commensal
some insect pathogens: biocontrol
spores without flagella
Phylum Mucoromycota
750 species
coenocytic hyphae, aseptate
non flagellated spores
zygosporangia
fast growing mold
endomycorrhizal fungi
zygosporangia
thick-walled, dormant zygospores
Phylum Mucoromycota
fast growing mold, “sugar fungi”
rot bread, peaches, strawberries sweet potatoes
mainly plants
Phylum Mucoromycota
Endomycorrhizal fungi
inside root fungus, asexual, mutualistic root inhabitants
Phylum Mucoromycota
parts that makeup Endomycorrhiza fungi
arbuscles (little trees) exchange nutrients
hyphae explore soil with their increased surface: volume ratio
exchange photosynthate (sugar) for minerals (especially phosphate)
phylum ascomycota
sac fungi
biggest phylum, >90,000 species
some macrofungi
most are microfungi
septate monokeryon
many plant pathogens
asexual spores- conidia
sexual spores- ascospores (produced in an ascus)
Phylum Basidiomycota
club fungi
mushrooms and toadstools
no asexual spores
sexual spores= basidospores
>30,000 species
Basidiomycota includes:
mushrooms, toadstools, pore fungi, rusts, smuts, jelly fungi, stinkhorns, puffballs, earthstars, boletes, chanterelles
imperfect fungi
have no known sexual stage
produce spores by mitosis
conidia produced on conidiophores
no taxonomic grouping
found in all fungi phyla
ex. penicillium, aspergillus, rhizoctonia, trichonderma
lichens
mutualistic symbiosis between fungus and photosynthetic organism
most are ascomycetes
don’t represent a clade
~20,000 species
fungus in Lichens
mycobiont
overall shape/structure
provides a suitable environment for alga/cyanobacterium
gas exchange, protection, minerals, water retentions
alga/cyanobacterium in Lichens
photobiont
inner layer below the lichen surface
provides carbon compounds
cyanobacterium can fix nitrogen
animalia synapomorphies
heterotrophic by ingestion
gametic meiosis
locomotory structures present
true multicellularity
no cell walls
evolutionary trends in animals
planes of symmetry
levels of organization
embryotic development
body cavity
planes of symmetry
asymmetry → radial symmetry → bilateral symmetry → 20 radial symmetry
levels of organization
cells → tissues → organs and organ systems
embryotic development
diplobastic or triploblastic
diploblastic
2 germ layers
ectoderm and endoderm
includes ctenophora and chideria
triplobastic
3 germ layers
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
includes bilateria
endoderm
lining of digestive tract and organs
ectoderm
outside covering, nervous system
mesoderm
muscles, organs, bones
protostomes
mouth from blastophore
ex. lophotrochozoa, acoelomates, ecdysozoa
deuterostome
annus from blastopore
ex. Echinodermata, Chordata
body cavity
fluid or air-filled space between endoderm and ectoderm
acoelomates → pseudocoelomates → coelomates
phylum porifera
“bearing holes”
lack tissues
filter feeders
5,500 species
sexual reproduction
sequential hermaphrodites
flagellated, swimming larva
sessile adult
sponges
sequential hermaphrodites
first male then female
amoebocyte
totipotent, makes spicules, digestion and nutrient distrobution
spicules
secreted by amoebocytes, skeleton fibers, may be calcareous, silicules or protein (spongin)
pinacocyte
analogous to epithelial cells
mesohyl
matrix of sponge cells/spicules. gas distrobution
pores
ostia-holes for water entry
spongocoel
internal cavity. lined with multiple flagellated chambers
porocyte
form pores
osculum
opening. exit for water
body types of sponges
ascon, sycon, leucon
ascon
a single flagellated chamber. contains choanocytes, single osculum and porocyte
sycon
multiple flagellated chambers, ostia are multicellular, also contains single osculum
leucon
multiple oscula, multiple flagellated chambers, contains incurrent and excurrent canals
class calcarea
all marine sponges
calcareous spicules
small
contain all 3 body types
“calcareous sponges”
Class Hexactiellida
deep marine species
siliceous- rayed spicules
body sycon/leucon intermediate
cells fused as syncytium
spongiosa shrimp symbionts
“glass sponges”
class Demospongiae
largest class of porifera- 80% of all species
marine and freshwater
silicious spicules and/or spongin fibers (1 or both)
leucon body type
“demosponges”
Phylum ctenophora
convergent evolution of neutral networks and other “eumetazoans”
true animals with tissues
ctenophora
100 species
diploblastic
biradial symmetry
colloblasts
8 ctenes/combs
indescence
bioluminescence
locomotion
comb jellies
colloblasts
gluey cells that trap prey
8 ctenes/combs
rows of fused cilia, propel animal
Phylum cnidaria
hyrdas, jellyfish, corals, anemones
diploblastic
-1 opening is both mouth and anus
radial symmetry
tentacle
captures prey, pushes into mouth
cnidocyte
stinging cell
manubrim
flexible stalk. connect mouth to GVC
cnidaria diversity
includes classes hydrozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthrozoa
class hydrozoa
most alternate between polp and medusa forms
obelia
physalia physalis
hydras
fresh water
only polyp form
physalia physalis
Portuguese man of war
class scyphozoa
true jellies
medusa is dominant phase
may lack polyp phase (in open ocean)
many bioluminescent
class cubozoa
cube animals
medusa is dominant phase
box shaped
tropical oceans
highly toxic cnidocytes
class anthozoa
sea anemones and corals
only polyps
colonial and solitary forms
large, subdivided gastrovascular cavity
septum divides chambers
acontia threads with stinging cells
calcium carbonate exoskeleton, building upon remains of earlier layers
coral reefs
symbionts of anthozoa
zoochlorellae (green algae) and zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate)
clade bilateria
superphylum: lophotrochozoa (acoelomates)
phylum patyhelminthes
subphylum: raditophora
class: cestode
class: tremotoda
phylum nemertea
Bilateria synapomorphies and evolutionary trends
bilateral symmetry
cephalization (head, sensory structures)
mesoderm in embryo→triploblastic
organs and organ systems
Proteosome phyla
blastophore becomes mouth
development *on chart
lophotrochozoa, phylum platyhelminthes
mostly parasitic
some free living
typically have simple or no gut
lophotrochozoa, subphylum: Rhabditophora
some parasites
mostly free living
marine flatworm
planarian
have circular longitudinal parenchymal muscles
regeneration
lyphotrochozoa, platyhelminthes, class: cestoda
all parasitic
tapeworms- absorb nutrients
scolex
anterior end of tapeworm, suckers, hooks
attaches to small intestine
proglottids
posterior end
sacs of sex organs
1000s of fertilized eggs
exit in feces
lophotrochozoa, platyhelminthes, class: trematod
flukes
all parasitic
lophotrochozoa. nemertea
ribbon worms
proboscis worms
complete gut
true circulatory system
1,000 species
rhynchocoel
tube that holds the inward proboscis
proboscis
retractable protrusion
lophotrochozoa, phylum: syndermata, group: rotifera
wheel bearer
wheels=corona- crown of cilia
cilia beat in metachronal synchrony
currents bring food to the mastax, a modified pharynx
lophotrochozoa, phylum: gastrotricha
hair belly
microscopic, worm-like, aquatic
less than 1,000 species known
hermaphrodites
lophotrochozoa, phylum: Annelida
little rings
coelom
trochophore larva
ciliated
segmented worms
somites
repeated organs
partioning of coelom
differentiation of segments
excretory system
pair of nephridia per segment
class polychaeta
all marine
many setae
often with distinct head (antennae and eyes)
parapodia in most → parid lateral appendages used for locomotion, respiration, and feeding
ex. sedentary- feather duster. errant- sea mouse
errant: palolo worms
strobilization by epitoky
anterior segment is the atoke (head, immature)
posterior is epitoke
full of gametes
synchronous release of epitokes lead to fertilization