BIOL 1030 Hawthorne Exam 3

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Description and Tags

Fungi and Animals

104 Terms

1

Fungi

eukaryotic, cell walls w chitin, heterotrophic by assimilation, reproduction by spores

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Fungi reproduction

zygotic meiosis with modification, fertilization, syngamy, plasmogamy, karyogamy

or

mitotic asexual

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syngamy

fusion of gametes

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plasmogamy

fusion of plasma membranes

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karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

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heterotrophic by assimilation/absorption

absorb nutrients from outside its body, secrete hydrolytic enzymes

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hydrolytic enzymes

breaks down complex molecules and absorbs them

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fungi body plan filamentous

multicellular, hypha + mycelium

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hypha(e)

network of tiny, tubular filaments

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mycelium

interwoven mass of hyphae, infiltrates material it feeds on

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fungi single celled

yeasts

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septate hypha

septum=cross walls, large pores (fit nuclei)

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coenocytic hypha

continuous cytoplasmic mass, 100s-1,00s of nuclei (nuclear division without cytokinesis)

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ancestral evolutionary trends of fungi

single posterior flagellum

hyphae coenocytic

microscopic

isogamous

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derived evolutionary trends of fungi

loss of flagella

hyphae septate

macroscopic

anisogamous

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Fungi niches

all heterotrophic soo… decomposers, pathogens, or mutualistic symbiosis

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decomposers

mostly plant material, especially good at wood

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pathogens

some animal and human pathogens, mostly plant pathogens

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mutualistic symbioses

lichens, mycorrhizas

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groups of fungi

not clades, grades. imperfect fungi, lichenized fungi

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21

kingdom fungi includes phylums:

chytridiomycota

zoopagomycota

mucoromycota

ascomycota

basidiomycota

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Phylum Chytridiomycota (the chytrids)

polyphyletic

several basal lineages of fungi

coenocytic hyphae

microscopic

aquatic (freshwater) and soil fungi

flagellated zoospores

only 1,000 species

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Batrachochytrium dendrobatids (Bd)

phylum chytridiomycota

amphibian skin parasite

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Phylum Zoopagomycota

about 900 species

coenocytic

parasite or commensal

some insect pathogens: biocontrol

spores without flagella

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Phylum Mucoromycota

750 species

coenocytic hyphae, aseptate

non flagellated spores

zygosporangia

fast growing mold

endomycorrhizal fungi

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zygosporangia

thick-walled, dormant zygospores

Phylum Mucoromycota

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fast growing mold, “sugar fungi”

rot bread, peaches, strawberries sweet potatoes

mainly plants

Phylum Mucoromycota

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Endomycorrhizal fungi

inside root fungus, asexual, mutualistic root inhabitants

Phylum Mucoromycota

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parts that makeup Endomycorrhiza fungi

arbuscles (little trees) exchange nutrients

hyphae explore soil with their increased surface: volume ratio

exchange photosynthate (sugar) for minerals (especially phosphate)

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phylum ascomycota

sac fungi

biggest phylum, >90,000 species

some macrofungi

most are microfungi

septate monokeryon

many plant pathogens

asexual spores- conidia

sexual spores- ascospores (produced in an ascus)

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Phylum Basidiomycota

club fungi

mushrooms and toadstools

no asexual spores

sexual spores= basidospores

>30,000 species

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Basidiomycota includes:

mushrooms, toadstools, pore fungi, rusts, smuts, jelly fungi, stinkhorns, puffballs, earthstars, boletes, chanterelles

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imperfect fungi

have no known sexual stage

produce spores by mitosis

conidia produced on conidiophores

no taxonomic grouping

found in all fungi phyla

ex. penicillium, aspergillus, rhizoctonia, trichonderma

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lichens

mutualistic symbiosis between fungus and photosynthetic organism

most are ascomycetes

don’t represent a clade

~20,000 species

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fungus in Lichens

mycobiont

overall shape/structure

provides a suitable environment for alga/cyanobacterium

gas exchange, protection, minerals, water retentions

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alga/cyanobacterium in Lichens

photobiont

inner layer below the lichen surface

provides carbon compounds

cyanobacterium can fix nitrogen

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animalia synapomorphies

heterotrophic by ingestion

gametic meiosis

locomotory structures present

true multicellularity

no cell walls

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evolutionary trends in animals

planes of symmetry

levels of organization

embryotic development

body cavity

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planes of symmetry

asymmetry → radial symmetry → bilateral symmetry → 20 radial symmetry

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levels of organization

cells → tissues → organs and organ systems

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embryotic development

diplobastic or triploblastic

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diploblastic

2 germ layers

ectoderm and endoderm

includes ctenophora and chideria

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triplobastic

3 germ layers

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

includes bilateria

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endoderm

lining of digestive tract and organs

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ectoderm

outside covering, nervous system

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mesoderm

muscles, organs, bones

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protostomes

mouth from blastophore

ex. lophotrochozoa, acoelomates, ecdysozoa

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deuterostome

annus from blastopore

ex. Echinodermata, Chordata

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body cavity

fluid or air-filled space between endoderm and ectoderm

acoelomates → pseudocoelomates → coelomates

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phylum porifera

“bearing holes”

lack tissues

filter feeders

5,500 species

sexual reproduction

sequential hermaphrodites

flagellated, swimming larva

sessile adult

sponges

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sequential hermaphrodites

first male then female

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amoebocyte

totipotent, makes spicules, digestion and nutrient distrobution

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spicules

secreted by amoebocytes, skeleton fibers, may be calcareous, silicules or protein (spongin)

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pinacocyte

analogous to epithelial cells

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mesohyl

matrix of sponge cells/spicules. gas distrobution

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pores

ostia-holes for water entry

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spongocoel

internal cavity. lined with multiple flagellated chambers

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porocyte

form pores

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osculum

opening. exit for water

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body types of sponges

ascon, sycon, leucon

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ascon

a single flagellated chamber. contains choanocytes, single osculum and porocyte

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sycon

multiple flagellated chambers, ostia are multicellular, also contains single osculum

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leucon

multiple oscula, multiple flagellated chambers, contains incurrent and excurrent canals

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class calcarea

all marine sponges

calcareous spicules

small

contain all 3 body types

“calcareous sponges”

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Class Hexactiellida

deep marine species

siliceous- rayed spicules

body sycon/leucon intermediate

cells fused as syncytium

spongiosa shrimp symbionts

“glass sponges”

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class Demospongiae

largest class of porifera- 80% of all species

marine and freshwater

silicious spicules and/or spongin fibers (1 or both)

leucon body type

“demosponges”

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Phylum ctenophora

convergent evolution of neutral networks and other “eumetazoans”

true animals with tissues

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ctenophora

100 species

diploblastic

biradial symmetry

colloblasts

8 ctenes/combs

indescence

bioluminescence

locomotion

comb jellies

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colloblasts

gluey cells that trap prey

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8 ctenes/combs

rows of fused cilia, propel animal

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Phylum cnidaria

hyrdas, jellyfish, corals, anemones

diploblastic

-1 opening is both mouth and anus

radial symmetry

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tentacle

captures prey, pushes into mouth

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cnidocyte

stinging cell

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manubrim

flexible stalk. connect mouth to GVC

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cnidaria diversity

includes classes hydrozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthrozoa

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class hydrozoa

most alternate between polp and medusa forms

  • obelia

  • physalia physalis

hydras

  • fresh water

  • only polyp form

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physalia physalis

Portuguese man of war

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class scyphozoa

true jellies

medusa is dominant phase

may lack polyp phase (in open ocean)

many bioluminescent

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class cubozoa

cube animals

medusa is dominant phase

box shaped

tropical oceans

highly toxic cnidocytes

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80

class anthozoa

sea anemones and corals

only polyps

colonial and solitary forms

large, subdivided gastrovascular cavity

  • septum divides chambers

acontia threads with stinging cells

calcium carbonate exoskeleton, building upon remains of earlier layers

coral reefs

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symbionts of anthozoa

zoochlorellae (green algae) and zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate)

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clade bilateria

superphylum: lophotrochozoa (acoelomates)

  • phylum patyhelminthes

    • subphylum: raditophora

      • class: cestode

      • class: tremotoda

  • phylum nemertea

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Bilateria synapomorphies and evolutionary trends

bilateral symmetry

cephalization (head, sensory structures)

mesoderm in embryo→triploblastic

organs and organ systems

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Proteosome phyla

blastophore becomes mouth

development *on chart

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lophotrochozoa, phylum platyhelminthes

mostly parasitic

some free living

typically have simple or no gut

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lophotrochozoa, subphylum: Rhabditophora

some parasites

mostly free living

marine flatworm

planarian

have circular longitudinal parenchymal muscles

regeneration

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lyphotrochozoa, platyhelminthes, class: cestoda

all parasitic

tapeworms- absorb nutrients

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scolex

anterior end of tapeworm, suckers, hooks

attaches to small intestine

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proglottids

posterior end

sacs of sex organs

1000s of fertilized eggs

exit in feces

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lophotrochozoa, platyhelminthes, class: trematod

flukes

all parasitic

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lophotrochozoa. nemertea

ribbon worms

proboscis worms

  • complete gut

  • true circulatory system

  • 1,000 species

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rhynchocoel

tube that holds the inward proboscis

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proboscis

retractable protrusion

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lophotrochozoa, phylum: syndermata, group: rotifera

wheel bearer

wheels=corona- crown of cilia

cilia beat in metachronal synchrony

currents bring food to the mastax, a modified pharynx

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lophotrochozoa, phylum: gastrotricha

hair belly

microscopic, worm-like, aquatic

less than 1,000 species known

hermaphrodites

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lophotrochozoa, phylum: Annelida

little rings

coelom

trochophore larva

  • ciliated

segmented worms

  • somites

  • repeated organs

  • partioning of coelom

  • differentiation of segments

excretory system

  • pair of nephridia per segment

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class polychaeta

all marine

many setae

often with distinct head (antennae and eyes)

parapodia in most → parid lateral appendages used for locomotion, respiration, and feeding

ex. sedentary- feather duster. errant- sea mouse

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errant: palolo worms

strobilization by epitoky

anterior segment is the atoke (head, immature)

posterior is epitoke

  • full of gametes

synchronous release of epitokes lead to fertilization

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