Florida Archaeology Exam 1 - Archaeologists

Ales Hrdlicka

• prominent physical anthropologist in the first quarter century

• studied the remains of the Melbourne and Vero sites; these sites were believed to be “Early Man” sites, which he discounted

• believed in a brief timeline for the presence of Indigenous peoples in the Americas

• wanted to create a separate discipline of Physical Anthropology; institutions didn’t listen but gave schools the option

Elias Sellards

• academic and government employee; first teaching post at Rutgers in NJ

• became a professor of geology and zoology at UF and then became the State Geologist of Florida and moved to Tallahassee

• focused on identifying the basic geology and mineral sources in Florida

• spent a lot of effort on fossil vertebrates, especially early man; he was always hoping for evidence of early man

• studied the Paleoindian period

• Early Man in North America

Gordon Willey

• conducted work at the Florida Gulf Coast in the late 1930s; compiled Archaeology of the Gulf Coast

• This manuscript provides an accounting of all of his investigations as well as a cultural outline that has lasted through time

• WPA in Georgia and other areas

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods

John Griffin

• hired by the now Florida Parks Service

• taught at FSU in 1950

• conducted CRM

• worked for historic St. Augustine Preservation Board

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods

Hale Smith

• member of the Chicago Field School

• WPA archaeologist

• hired by Griffin to work for the Florida Park Service

• first department chair of the FSU anthropology department in 1949

• legendary pig hunt

• conducted excavations in Puerto Rico and in St. Augustine and on Amelia Island

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods

Ripley Bullen

• initially worked as a mechanical engineer

• hired by Griffin to work at the Florida State Museum

• known for his work at Crystal River, Tick Island, Safety Harbor, and several other Florida sites — Caribbean sites as well

• collaborator with avocationals

• studied the Archaic period

Charles Fairbanks

• WPA and National Parks Service archaeologist

• taught at FSU and UF

• pioneer of Historical and Plantation Archaeology

• Bulow Plantation, Kingsley Plantation, Couper Plantation, St. Simons Island, GA

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods

Benjamin Irving Rouse

• professor at Yale

• worked in: Brevard County, South Indian Field excavations, Caribbean and Haiti

• moral analysis of pottery

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods

John Mann Goggin

• professor at UF

• pioneer in Historical Archaeology and underwater archaeology in Florida

• worked in the Fig Springs site, Spanish mission archaeology, material culture, glass trade beads, Spanish majolica types

• studied the Archaic period

William Sears

• WPA archaeology

• Kolomoki site, GA

• Florida State Museum curator in the 1950s

• first department chair at the Florida Atlantic University in the 1960s

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods, but mostly the Archaic

Elizabeth Wing

• first woman to earn a Ph.D. in zoology at UF

• created the now Environmental Archaeology section at the Florida Museum of Natural History

• fieldwork and species collections from Florida, Peru, Mexico, and the Caribbean

• studied the Archaic period

Barbara Purdy

• came with her husband to UF, who worked at the horticulture department

• wet site fieldwork in Washington

• interest in lithics, specifically thermal alteration of chert

• skilled flintknapper

• focused on Paleoindian and Archaic time periods

• Container Corporation site and Hontoon Island

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods

Robert Carr

• co-founded the Archaeological and Historical Conservancy in Miami in 1985 and has been the director since 1990

• worked as an archaeologist with State of Florida’s Division of Historic Sites, National Park Service, and Dade County

• first County Archaeologist of Miami-Dade County and became the County Historic Preservation Director

• his Paleoindian contributions stem from his work at the Cutler Fossil site, a sinkhole on the Deering estate

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods

James Dunbar

• prominent underwater archaeologist

• worked at the Division of Historical Resources and Bureau of Archaeological Research

• interested in the First Americans

• worked at the Page-Ladson site and Norden site

• directs the Aucilla Research Institute in Monticello

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods, but mostly the Paleoindian period

Jessi Halligan

• Associate Director of the Center for the First Americans at Texas A&M

• worked in the Aucilla River, Page-Ladson site, and Sloth Hole

• stresses the nature of the sediments in determining which sites might hold intact Paleoindian sediment and in evaluating the condition of the site since deposition

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods, but mostly the Paleoindian period

Morgan Smith

• focused on the Guest Mammoth site in Silver Springs run

• Ph.D. from Texas A&M

• studied the Archaic period

Michael Faught

• Ph.D. from University of Arizona

• his dissertation involved off-shore sites in the Gulf of Mexico

• taught at FSU in the 1990s

• investigated paleochannels on the continental shelf off the Aucilla and Suwannee Rivers

• was principal underwater archaeologist for SEARCH

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods

S. David Webb

• was the curator of paleontology at the Florida Museum of Natural History

• specifically interested in mammalian vertebrate paleontology

• with others, he directed the initial underwater excavations for his interest in the megafauna that the site had 

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods

John Campbell

• fieldwork was conducted during the summers of 1956-1959, 1961 and 1963

• worked among the Tuluaqmiut, a band of the Nunmiut of northern interior Alaska

• estimates that the Nunamiut were composed of no more than 20 bands containing around 25-100 individuals

• studied the Paleoindian period

Jeffries Wyman

• taught anatomy at Harvard College from 1847 to 1874

• first curator of Harvard’s Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology

• Suffered from tuberculosis

• believed that all shell middens and mounds were refuse accumulations following the Danish archaeologists’ kjökkenmöddings–autonomous archaeology (first archaeologists to study shell middens)

• publications reported human remains, but no clarifications of ritual behavior involved

• preceramic and ceramic sites – some of the shell-bearing sites contained ceramics

• dating: observed the size of oak trees growing on the sites to determine the age of the sites

• studied the Archaic period

William Bartram

• son of naturalist William Bartram of Philadelphia

• first naturalist in Florida circa 1774

• made significant contributions in ornithology, botany, and ethnology

• in 1939-1940, Francis Harper traced Bartram’s routes through the southwest and published an updated version of Travels (1958)

• fun fact: orange trees aren’t native to Florida; they were brought in from Persia

• travels included: Amelia Island, Cowford, Spalding’s Lower Store, Cuscawillow, Spalding’s Upper Store, St. Johns

S.T. Walker

• was a journalist and published newspapers in the towns in which he lived

• encouraged to send cultural and biological specimens to the Smithsonian

• lived in the Milton and Bagdad area

• studied the Paleoindian and Archaic periods

Frank Hamilton Cushing

• led an 1896 Smithsonian-sponsored expedition to Marco Island; contained large shell middens and a small pond

• hundreds of artifacts were found in this pond, mostly of wood

• key Marco Cat is one of Cushing’s most famous artifacts

Clarence Bloomfield Moore

• inherited his father’s well-off paper company

• traveled widely before his father’s death

• became president of the family business and eventually followed his passions of archaeology and conducted many excavations in the St. Johns River from 1892-1894

• very active in the southeast; used navigable waterways to reach sites in his steamship and hired local men as his field crew

• published his works through the Museum of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

• focused on sites, often sand burial mounds, that would produce interesting artifacts; noted that shell-bearing sites usually didn’t produce such interesting artifacts

• specialized in sites along the coast and major rivers

• studied the Woodland and Mississippian periods

Alfred Kroeber

• cultural anthropologist

• Ph.D. from Columbia, first ever Ph.D. to be awarded from the university

• student of Franz Boas

• studied the Archaic period

Michael Schiffer

• behavioral archaeologist

• associated with n- and c-transforms