Honors World History 2 Midterm

What is nationalism?

The belief that people's greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state (a people who share a common culture/history), rather than to a king or an empire.

What are some reasons that led to nationalism?

The Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and Napoleon’s conquests.

What was the 30 Years War fought over?

Primarily religion (Catholic vs. Protestant) and territory/power.

What things did The Praise of Folly criticize?

Clergy and the practices of the Catholic Church.

Who did Martin Luther have a problem with?

The Catholic Church and the sale of indulgences.

What was the Council of Trent?

A meeting of Catholic leaders to discuss reforms and reaffirm Catholic doctrines in response to the Protestant Reformation (Counter-Reformation).

What was the English Bill of Rights?

A document that limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed rights to citizens.

Who took the English throne during Restoration?

Charles II.

Who ruled England as a military dictator?

Oliver Cromwell.

What is Napoleon’s lasting achievement?

The Napoleonic Code (a unified set of laws).

What is the location of Napoleon’s final defeat?

Waterloo (in Belgium).

Who united all of Germany?

Otto von Bismarck.

What were the 3 main goals of the Congress of Vienna?

Containment of France, Balance of Power, and Legitimacy (restoring royal families).

In mercantilism everything the colony does is to benefit what?

The Mother Country.

What events helped spur revolutions around the world?

The success of the American Revolution and the start of the French Revolution.

What did the Edict of Nantes do?

Granted religious tolerance (freedom) to the Huguenots (French Protestants).

Describe the Monroe Doctrine.

A U.S. policy that stated European powers were not to interfere or attempt to re-colonize any nation in the Western Hemisphere.

Did The Church approve or disapprove the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment? Why/Why not?

Generally Disapproved. The new ideas contradicted long-held Church teachings and challenged its authority.

Who was the leader of the French Revolution?

Maximilien Robespierre (during the Reign of Terror).

Holy text of Judaism:

The Torah.

Holy text of Islam:

The Qur'an (Koran).

Holy text of Christianity:

The Bible.

Holy text of Hinduism:

The Vedas.

What empire conquered The Aztec, Maya, and Inca?

The Spanish Empire.

What is Predestination? Who came up with it?

The idea that God has known since the beginning who will be saved; came up with by John Calvin.

What leads to the biggest exchange of ideas?

The invention of the printing press.*

Who helped eliminate smallpox?

Edward Jenner (by developing the first successful vaccine).

What is the Reformation and who starts it?

A movement to reform the Catholic Church; started by Martin Luther.

What is the term for individuals who funded the Renaissance?

Patrons.

What did Kepler discover?

That the planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun.

Who created the Church of England? Why?

King Henry VIII; to obtain an annulment and a male heir.

What led to increased literacy rates throughout Europe?

The invention of the printing press. x

What is divine right?

The idea that monarchs are God's representatives on Earth and are answerable only to God.

Who becomes the leader of France at the end of the Revolution?

Napoleon Bonaparte.

Montesquieu's book:

The Spirit of the Laws

Locke's book:

Two Treatises of Government

Voltaire's book:

Candide

Rousseau's book:

The Social Contract

Voltaire's main idea:

Freedom of speech and religion; separation of Church and State.

Locke's main idea:

Natural rights (life, liberty, property); government gets power from the consent of the people.

Montesquieu's main idea:

Separation of powers (checks and balances).

Hobbes's main idea:

Strong government (absolute monarchy) is needed to maintain order; people are naturally selfish.

Beccaria's main idea:

Opposed cruel and unusual punishment; rights of the accused (due process).

Wollstonecraft's main idea:

Advocated for women’s equality, especially in education.

Which French king was beheaded?

Louis XVI.

Which English king broke away from the Catholic Church?

King Henry VIII.

What was Louis XIV’s slogan?

“L'état, c'est moi” (“I am the state.”)

Who was the Sun King?

Louis XIV.

Columbus's route:

Sailed west across the Atlantic to the Caribbean/Americas.

De Gama's route:

Sailed around the tip of Africa to India.

Magellan's route:

First to circumnavigate the globe.

Cartier's route:

Explored the St. Lawrence River in North America for France.

Dias's route:

First to sail around the southern tip of Africa.

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

A Spanish court system established to maintain Catholic orthodoxy by expelling or converting non-Catholics.

What were the goals of the Jesuits?

1. Founding schools. 2. Converting non-Christians. 3. Stopping the spread of Protestantism.

Why were Africans used as slaves instead of Native Americans?

Africans were immune to European diseases, had farming experience, and were unfamiliar with the land.

Triangular Trade: Europe traded…

Manufactured goods (guns, textiles).

Triangular Trade: Africa traded…

Slaves.

Triangular Trade: Americas traded…

Raw materials (sugar, tobacco, cotton).

Where is Christianity found today?

Americas, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa.

Where is Judaism found today?

Israel, United States.

Where is Islam found today?

Middle East, North Africa, Southeast Asia.

Where is Hinduism found today?

India, Nepal.

Where is Buddhism found today?

East and Southeast Asia.

Who took the English throne through the Glorious Revolution?

William and Mary.

Describe the main ideas of “The Prince”.

The leader should do whatever is necessary to stay in power; "the ends justify the means."

Which individual led the Congress of Vienna?

Klemens von Metternich.

What is so important about the Haitian Revolution?

It was the only successful slave revolt in history and the first Latin American nation to gain independence.

What is so special about Brazil’s independence?

It was gained without bloodshed.

After starting in Italy where does the Renaissance spread?

Northern Europe.

Describe the artistic technique of perspective.

Creating the illusion of three dimensions (depth) on a two-dimensional surface.

What does secular mean?

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters; non-religious.

Who was the wealthy family that helped fund the Renaissance?

The Medici Family.

In what current day country did the Mughal Empire rule?

India.

What 3 things were traded on the Saharan Trade Route?

Gold, Salt, and Slaves.

Who led the revolutions in northern South America?

Simón Bolívar.

Who led the revolutions in southern South America?

José de San Martín.

Who starts the revolution in Mexico?

Miguel Hidalgo.

What is the name of the speech that starts the Mexican Revolution?

The Grito de Dolores (Cry of Dolores).

What is the name of Bismarck’s speech we studied in class?

The "Blood and Iron" speech.

Who led the revolutions in southern Italy?

Giuseppe Garibaldi (led the Red Shirts).

Who started the Young Italy national group?

Giuseppe Mazzini.

Who unites all of Italy?

Count Camillo di Cavour.

Who is crowned Kaiser of a unified Germany?

Wilhelm I.

Who led the Haitian Revolution against France?

Toussaint Louverture.

This term, coined by Bismarck, means politics of reality.

Realpolitik.

Describe balance of power.

No one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others.

Who discovered blood pumped through the body because of the heart?

William Harvey.

Who discovered gravity?

Isaac Newton.

What were Peter the Great’s 2 main goals for Russia?

Westernization and gaining a warm-water port.

What year is known as the year of revolutions?

1848.

After losing the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon tried this to defeat the British.

The Continental System (a blockade).

Which individual was overthrown during the English Civil War?

King Charles I.

What event encouraged other revolution around the world?

The French Revolution (or American Revolution).

What was Martin Luther’s document that criticized the Catholic Church?

The 95 Theses.

List Martin Luther’s main ideas:

Salvation by faith alone, the Bible is the sole source of authority, and all believers are equal.

Who is credited with the heliocentric theory?

Nicolaus Copernicus.

Why does Louis XVI call the Estates General?

To get the nobles to approve new taxes.

Which committee was established to protect the ideas of the French Revolution?

The Committee of Public Safety.

List the causes of the French Revolution:

Economic problems, Social inequality (Estates System), Enlightenment ideas, Weak leadership.