week 2, gas exchange

respiration

process by which organisms require oxygen for metabolism

animals

In blank, carbon dioxide is produced and oxygen must be removed

plants

in blank carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration is need for photosynthesis

animals

blank have to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide in order to supply

photosynthesis, cellular respiration

Plants exchange gases in two processes. During blank plant take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

During blank, plant takes in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Gas exchange

blank is a process by which organism take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide with their environment, its imporatnt because oxygen is needed for cellular respiration to produce energy, while carbon dioxide- a waste gas must be removed.

gas exchange

blank is essential prerequisite for life to continue

basic mechanism

diffusion across a moist membrane is a blank of gas exchange

diffusion

process by which molecules move from an area of hugher concentration to an area of lower concentration in the direction following a concentration gradient

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

two of many gases found in environment which move by diffusion across moist membranes in animals.

breathing

mechanical process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released

respiration

exchange of gases through inhalation and exhalation

simple

in blank animals, exchange of gases directly occurs with the environment

respiratory system

blank exchanges oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) between the air and the cells of the body.

stomata

Plant leaf consists of BLANK that allow gas

exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic

cells inside the leaf

stomata

These blank regulate CO2 uptake for

photosynthesis and are the major avenues for the evaporative loss

of water.

stomata

pores for gas exchange; flanked by guard cells regulating opening/closing.

lenticels

The hard stem of big plants and trees has blank in them. BLANK are in the small area of a bark. These cells are loosely

placed, allowing gaseous exchange of respiratory gases between

air and living cells of the woody stem

mesophyll

layer between upper and lower epidermis; specialized for photosynthesis.

palisade mesophyll

elongated cells on upper leaf; main site of photosynthesis

spongy mesophyll

loosely arranged cells with air spaces; allows O₂ and CO₂ circulation.

root hairs

extensions of epidermal cells; increase surface area for diffusion.

open circulatory system

no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid (hemolymph).

Closed circulatory system

– blood confined to vessels; separate from interstitial fluid.

division of closed system

Blood division:

Lymphatic division:

blood division

blank division, is a main closed circuit

lymphatic division

blank division, returns tissued fluid to blood

heart, blood vessels, blood

components of circulatory system

human heart

about a fist, located between lungs, tilted slightly left.

atrium and ventricle

chambers of heart

atrium

blank is top chamber

ventricle

blank is bottom chambers

valves

prevent backflow; act as one-way doors

hemolymph

general body fluid is known as

tricuspid (right), bicuspid (left), pulmonary, and aortic

valves

there are four blood valves

Tricuspid (right), bicuspid (left)

these valves are open during atrial contraction

Pulmonary, aortic

these valver are open during ventricular contraction

heartbeat

caused by muscle contraction and valve closure sound

heartbeat

The blank sound is caused by

the contraction of the muscles and the slamming shut of the

valves.

curculatory, vessels

The blank system is a closed system, and blood moves

through the body in tubes called blank

arteries, veins,

and capillaries

There are three kinds of

blood vessels that make up the circulatory system:

arteries

thick, muscular, elastic walls; carry blood away from heart; oxygen-rich (bright red).

aorta

what is the largest artery

veins

thinner walls; carry blood toward heart; oxygen-poor (blue).

capillaries

tiny, one-cell thick walls; connect arteries to veins; RBCs pass single file.

pulmonary and systemic

two separate system of circulatory system

pulmonary

this system pumps blood to lungs for O2

systemic

this system pumps O₂-rich blood to body

blood

Fluid carrying essential materials: nutrients, O₂, and wastes

blood

fluid that carries most of the

materials necessary for life.

plasma, red blood cells, white

blood cells, and platelets

There are two different parts of the

blood: the nonliving liquid part called blank (yellowish fluid, 55%

of the blood) and the three kinds of cells ( – 45% of the blood).

plasma 55%

it is a non living, yellowish blank% of the blood

45%

how many cells are in the blood

red blood, white blood, platelets

blank cells : deliver O₂, remove CO2

Blank cells: defend against infection

blank: small fragments; form clots to stop bleeding

red blood, white blood and platelets

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes are

bone marrow

The blank contains stem cells that

develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

95%, 2.5%, 2.5%

The urine consists of the following:

% water, % urea, and _% other

waste products.

excretory system

this system Removes waste from blood.

kidney

filter blood; useful substances reabsorbed; wastes removed as urine.

xylem

transports water & minerals from roots → leaves

phloem

transports sugars (food) from leaves → rest of plant

transpiration

Evaporation of water from stomata of leaves

Generates suction pull, pulling water to great heights

Cools the plant

Not all absorbed water is used; excess lost via transpiration