Monarchical States- Napoleon

AP EURO REVIEW

royal absolutism

A form of government where the monarch holds complete power over the state and its people. It originated in Europe during the 16th century and was characterized by the belief in the divine right of kings. Royal absolutism was often associated with centralized control, suppression of dissent, and the use of military force to maintain power.

divine right of kings

Belief that monarchs derive their authority from God, not from the people or laws. Used to justify absolute rule and suppress dissent.

mercantoilism

An economic theory prevalent in Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries. It advocates for a country to accumulate wealth through trade by exporting more than importing, and acquiring colonies for resources.

Stuart dynasty

Period of English monarchy from 1603 to 1714, consisting of James I, Charles I, Cromwell, Charles II, James II, and William III & Mary II. Known for religious conflicts, civil wars, and the Glorious Revolution.

Puritans

A group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England from Roman Catholic practices, emphasizing strict religious discipline and a plain style of worship. They played a significant role in the colonization of North America.

Short and Long Parliament

Short Parliament: The first Parliament called by King Charles I in 1640, which lasted only three weeks due to disagreements over taxation and religious issues.

Long Parliament: The second Parliament called by King Charles I in 1640, which lasted for over 12 years and played a significant role in the English Civil War and the execution of the king.

English Revolution

Event in 17th century England characterized by political upheaval and armed conflicts between Parliamentarians and Royalists. It resulted in the execution of King Charles I, the establishment of a republic, and eventually the restoration of the monarchy.

The Commonwealth

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* A political experiment in England during the mid-17th century
* Established after the execution of King Charles I
* Led by Oliver Cromwell, it was a republic with no monarch
* Ended with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660

Independents vs. Presbyterians

Two major Protestant denominations in America. Independents have no central governing body and emphasize individual interpretation of the Bible. Presbyterians have a hierarchy of leaders and adhere to a set of beliefs and practices outlined in the Westminster Confession of Faith.

Levellers and Diggers

Political groups in 17th century England. Levellers sought to limit the power of the monarchy and increase democratic representation. Diggers believed in communal ownership of land and the abolition of private property.

The Restoration

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* Period in English history from 1660 to 1688
* Marked the return of the monarchy after the Puritan Commonwealth era
* Charles II was restored to the throne
* Saw the rise of the Whig and Tory political parties

Glorious Revolution

A bloodless coup that took place in England in 1688, leading to the overthrow of King James II and the installation of William III and Mary II as joint monarchs. It marked a turning point in English history, establishing parliamentary sovereignty and religious tolerance.

The English Bill of Rights

The English Bill of Rights was passed by Parliament in 1689 to limit the power of the monarchy and protect the rights of citizens. It established the supremacy of Parliament, the right to petition the king, and the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment.

The Act of Toleration

A law passed in 1649 by the Maryland Assembly that granted religious freedom to all Christians, but not to Jews and atheists. It was the first law in colonial America that protected religious liberty.

House of Orange

A Dutch royal dynasty that began in 1815 with the crowning of King William I. The House of Orange has been influential in Dutch politics and is known for its role in the Dutch War of Independence against Spain.

Dutch East India Company

A company formed in 1602 by the Netherlands to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. It was the world's first multinational corporation and played a significant role in the Dutch Golden Age. The company was dissolved in 1799.

Price Revolution

A period of inflation in Europe from the late 15th to mid-17th century, caused by the influx of gold and silver from the Americas and population growth. It led to the devaluation of currency, rising prices, and economic instability.

English Poor Law

A system of social welfare in England from the 16th to 19th centuries. It provided relief to the poor through workhouses, outdoor relief, and the removal of paupers to their place of origin. The law was criticized for its harsh treatment of the poor and its focus on punishing poverty rather than addressing its root causes.

Three-field system

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* Agricultural system used in medieval Europe
* Divided land into three fields
* One field for winter crop, one for summer crop, and one left fallow
* Increased crop yield and soil fertility
* Contributed to the growth of European population and economy

entrepreneurship

The process of designing, launching, and running a new business venture. It involves taking risks, identifying opportunities, and creating value for customers. Entrepreneurs are innovative, adaptable, and resilient individuals who are willing to work hard to achieve their goals.

heliocentrism

The belief that the sun was the center of the solar system and that the earth rotated around it

deductive vs. inductive reasoning

1) deductive: examines general idea and then considers specific actions or ideas (top down, start with generalization->specific) \n 2) inductive: reverse process used, one builds from specific ideas or actions (bottom up, start specific -> generalization)

absolutism

Government in which monarchs hold total power over the people.

social contract

An agreement between rulers and the people.

philosophes

The philosophes (French for "philosophers") were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues.

deism

A religious belief based on reason.

“invisible hand”

the invisible hand is a metaphor to describe the unseen forces of self-interest that impact free market.

*Laissez-faire*

economic policy of letting the industry and business set working conditions without interference.

separation of powers

the idea that despotism could be avoided when political power was divided and shared by a variety of classes and legal estates holding unequal rights and privledge’s

checks and balances

the idea that in government the executive, legislative and judicial branches would systematically balance each other and that the government would be checked by the power of the individual states.

salons

Informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle-class or aristocratic women. Provided a forum for new ideas and gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-controlled universities.

enlightened absolutists

European rulers who embraced many of the philosophes' reforms, monarchical government dedicated to rational strengthening of central absolutist administration at cost of lesser political power centers

War of Austrian Succession

Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him. treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Romanov dynasty

They rule pretty much all of Russia for a really long time. Dynasty after Russian time of Troubles

Partition of Poland

division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

Tories vs Whigs

Two political parties of England. Tory ministers largely dominated government and no desire to change existing political and electoral system, while Whigs had support of industrial middle class and wanted progress.

Estates General

A legislative body in pre-revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614. \n Called because Louis XVI and his minister of finance were too weak to declare partial bankruptcy and needed approval to impose a tax on the general public. \n However the preoccupation of deciding who was to be in the estates general to best represent the three estates caused enough delay for the lowest estate to plan their uprising and ultimately the overthrowing of the government.

Third Estate

The third estate was 98% of the population, consisting of the peasants. Received no legal rights, though a very small minority of them were practicing doctors and lawyers.

Tennis Court Oath

Members of the third estate got to the meeting to find themselves forbidden to enter Versailles, so they went to a nearby tennis court and vowed not to leave until they had formed the final draft of a new constitution

Storming of the Bastille

 the storming of the Bastille became an emotional symbol for the power of the ordinary citizen to rise up against a despotic monarchy and as a resistance against the rumored conspiracy to hoard food.

Commune of Paris

A municipal government elected by Parisians following the loss of the Franco Prussian War

The Great Fear

In 1789 throughout France peasants everywhere were revolting against lords by ransacking, murder, and theft. Liberal nobles voiced it in Versailles. Results include, special rights for the upper 2% of citizens such as hunting rights, exclusive fees, and peasant serfdom were abolished, and taxing was no longer on the 3rd estate exclusively.

*Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen*

A preamble to the constitution written by the National Assembly. It granted freedom of religion and press, tax equality, and equality before the law. However, it immediately raised questions about who was free and equal.

Civil Constitution of the Church

Set pay scales for the clergy after the National Assembly confiscated all of the Church's property. It provided that voters should select their own parish priests and bishops. Laws were passed against any clergy who did not swear to follow this.

National Assembly

After the Estates General met, the Third Estate demanded more representation. When it was denied, they formed a legislative body, along with a few members of the first and second estate, known as the National Assembly. They made an oath to write a new Constitution for France and to reform the administrative, constitutional, and economic state of the country. Their members were the main leaders and driving force of the revolution.

Jacobins vs. Girondins

jacobins: were one of the most known political clubs formed by the deputies of the third estate. They advocated for a republic as opposed to the traditional monarchy. They were influenced largely by the Enlightenment and the radical thinker, Rousseau. A group of Jacobins, called the Girondists, took control of the Legislative Assembly.

girondins: a part of the Jacobins who lived in the department of the Gironde. They became in control of the Legislative Assembly, and, in control, they became devoted to suppressing the counterrevolutionaries. They ordered the émigrés to return and the clergy to accept the civil constitution of the clergy. However, these moves were both vetoed by the king. They also declared war on Austria in order to preserve the Revolution. These acts were radical attempts to continue the revolution.

*sans-culottes*

a group made up of working class French citizens who had experienced hardship because of the assignats. This group was important to the economy of France. Their main goal was to overcome social inequality and have food available to all citizens. Mob rule was their primary instrument for action, and they used the Paris Commune for politics. They were a very effective group that advocated revolution.

Committee of Public Safety

carried out the executive duties of the government and enjoyed almost dictatorial power. Those on the committee believed their role was to save the revolution from mortal enemies at home and abroad and were willing to take out anyone who interfered with their goals. Their influence gave France a reign of terror for a period of time.

Reign of Terror

1792-1793 \n - a "new" kind of war to protect the Revolution at all cost \n - led by Jacobins and Robespierre \n - thousands killed and executed from peasants to the King and Queen \n - more important to protect the Revolution than to preserve the rights of property and life

Cult of Supreme Being

A deistic cult that reflected Rousseau's vision of civic religion. Sacrificed the individual for the greater good

guillotine

Device used for executions especially used in the French Revolution. Became a symbol of the Reign of Terror and while it was at first a celebrated/enjoyable device, it was later symbolized as a monster

The Directory

An executive of 5 men

Napoleonic Code

One of Napoleon's most substantial achievements was the Civil Code of 1804, which centralized the disorganized body of French laws, safeguarded property rights, and upheld conservative attitudes toward women and labor organizations.

Battle of Trafalgar

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

Continental System

The system organized by Napoleon that intended to cripple Britain economically. He hoped to cut off British trade with the European continent. Britain survived proving the success of their markets in North and South America; it also badly hurt European economies, greatly injuring trade in France; this led to Napoleon's ruin

Grand Army

Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign

Battle of Waterloo

Wellington, with the crucial help of the Prussians under Field Marshal von Blucher, defeated Napoleon at this battle in Belgium on June 18, 1815. Napoleon was then exiled to Saint Helena, a tiny island off the coast of Africa, where he later died.

Congress of Vienna

Assembled in September 1814, but did not conclude its work until November 1815. The four great powers conducted the important work of the conference. They agreed no one single state should be allowed to dominate Europe so they were determined to keep France from doing so again. They also strengthened the states around France's borders to serve as barriers. Some of the settlements divided the rulers between the land distribution and ruling.