Physical Development in Adolescence (copy)

13-18 (teenage years)

What years is adolescence defined as?

childhood and early adulthood

What is adolescence a transition period between?

puberty

most significant physical change in adolescence

yes

Does puberty being before the teenage years?

puberty

thought to start the adolescent period

sexual reproduction

What does the individual become capable of during puberty?

growth spurt (boys average 4 inches per year, girls 3.5)

rapid acceleration in height and weight

earlier (girls: 10-16) (boys: 12.5-17.5)

Do growth spurts happen later or earlier for girls?

girls - ovaries: menarche/first period (avg 12 years)

boys - tests: start ejaculating between 13 and 14

What are the primary sex characteristics that start functioning in girls and boys?

sex organs

primary sex characteristics

outward/visible changes

secondary sex characteristics

Boys gain muscle, shoulders broaden

Girls gain fat; hips and thighs get larger

development of secondary sex characteristics:

What changes in body composition in females and males?

girls: breast development

boys: facial hair development, voice lowers

both: pubic and underarm hair development

What are examples of secondary sex characteristics?

• development of primary sex characteristics

• development of secondary sex characteristics

• changes in body composition

• hormonal changes

What are the four types of changes during puberty? (not including growth spurts)

social, emotional

Puberty/sexual maturation is a physical development but it has _____________ and _______________ consequences.

negative effects

Does early puberty tend to have more negative or positive effects on girls?

more positive body image, more popular

What are some positive effects of early puberty for boys?

more negative body image, more attention from boys (often older boys), engage in risky behaviors earlier (drinking, sexual activity)

What are some negative effects of early puberty for girls?

pre-frontal cortex

What is the last part of the brain to develop?

pre-frontal cortex

home to the executive functions: planning and organizing, managing impulses and emotion, weighing the consequences of actions

engage in risky behaviors (don’t evaluate consequences)

What might teenagers do because their pre-frontal cortex is still developing during adolescence?

Psychologists provided briefs that teen brains are different from adult brains.

In 2012, Supreme Court made mandatory life sentences without parole unconstitutional for juveniles. What evidence did they provide to make this possible?

adrenal, mood, excitability

During puberty, _________ glands release sex hormones that attach to neural receptors and change levels of neurotransmitters that affect __________ and __________.

• greater emotionality

• leads teens to seek out excitement and stimulation

• more liable (emotions have ups and downs)

Sex hormones are released by adrenal glands during puberty. What does this cause?

melatonin

What levels rise later in the evening during puberty that cause teens to being to feel sleepy later in the evening?

No, most get 7 hours but they need 9.25 to optimal function.

Do teens get enough sleep?

maintain focus and attention, not feel fatigues

What is meant by “function optimally”?

REM sleep

What kind of sleep is most important for optimal functioning?

• have trouble falling asleep

• early school start times

• social media

• busy lives - activities, sports, homework, etc.

What are some reasons as to why teens don’t get enough sleep?

17

What is the age of first sexual intercourse?

2/3 (65%)

At age 18, ______ of teens have had sex.

yes

Is sexual activity in late adolescence normative?

monogamy

Most teens practice serial __________.

affection, emotional

For most teens, sex is accompanied by _________ and __________ involvement.

no

Is sexual activity in early adolescence typical?

20, 4

By 9th grade, __% of American teens have had sex.

Before 13, only __%.

70, 56

__% of females, __% of males reported having first sexual experience with a steady partner.

16, 28

__% of females, __% of males reported having sex with a friend or someone they just met.

peer pressure

What may push boys into having sex?

more girls

Do more girls or more boys feel more pressure by a partner to have sex for the first time?

It is considered less acceptable for girls to have multiple partners/frequent sexual activity as compared to boys.

What is the double standard for girls and boys regarding sex?

No, it is not generally associated with negative effects.

Is having sex at a normative developmental time (late adolescence) associated with negative effects?

• higher levels of drug/alcohol use

• lower interest in academics

Sex before age 15 has negative effects such as..