unit 2 p2 test (kms.)

Tolerance – The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses to experience the same effect.

Addiction – A compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences.

Dependency – A state of relying on or being controlled by something, often referring to physical or psychological reliance on a substance.

Sleep Apnea – A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

REM Sleep – Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.

Freud’s Theory – Sigmund Freud’s idea that dreams are a form of wish fulfillment, revealing the unconscious mind.

Stage 1 Sleep – The transition between wakefulness and sleep; marked by slowed breathing and irregular brain waves.

Stage 3 Sleep – Deep sleep characterized by large, slow delta waves; important for physical recovery.

Serotonin – A neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.

Ecstasy (MDMA) – A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that produces euphoria and social intimacy.

Manifest Content – According to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream.

Latent Content – The underlying meaning of a dream, according to Freud.

Dissociation – A split in consciousness, allowing some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

Endorphins – Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure.

Alpha Waves – The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

Amphetamines – Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

Consciousness – Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Sleep Spindle – Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity that occur during Stage 2 sleep.

Night Terrors – A sleep disorder causing high arousal and appearance of being terrified; occurs during Stage 3 sleep.

Nightmares – Frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep.

Narcolepsy – A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks.

Sleep Apnea – A sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep.

Insomnia – Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

Somnambulism (Sleepwalking) – Walking or performing other activities while asleep.

REM Rebound – The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.

Onierology – The scientific study of dreams.

Alcohol – A depressant that slows brain activity and impairs judgment.

Nicotine – A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.

Caffeine – A mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and other beverages.

Heroin – A depressant derived from opium that depresses neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

LSD – A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid.

Marijuana (THC) – A mild hallucinogen that amplifies sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells.

Barbiturates – Depressants that reduce anxiety but impair memory and judgment.

Morphine – An opiate used to relieve severe pain.

Cocaine – A powerful stimulant that produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.

Circadian Rhythm – The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

REM Sleep – A stage of sleep associated with vivid dreams, rapid eye movements, and brain activity similar to being awake.

NREM Sleep – Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except REM sleep.

Hallucinations – False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Hypnagogic Sensations – Brief sensory experiences (like falling or floating) that occur during the transition into sleep.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) – A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that control circadian rhythm.

Hypnosis – A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, or behaviors will occur spontaneously.

Posthypnotic Suggestions – Suggestions made during hypnosis to be carried out after the session ends.

Melatonin – A sleep-inducing hormone secreted by the pineal gland.

Psychoactive Drugs – Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods.

Withdrawal – The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug.

Depressants – Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

Opiates – Drugs (such as morphine and heroin) that depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

Stimulants – Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Hallucinogens – Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images without sensory input.

THC – The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers mild hallucinations.

Beta Waves – Brain waves associated with active thinking and alertness.

Delta Waves – The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

Theta Waves – Brain waves characteristic of light sleep and meditation.