Republicans and War of 1812 APUSH Terms

Marbury vs. Madison

• established judicial review

• supreme court could declare laws unconstitutional

judicial review

gave courts the power to strike down unconstitutional laws

midnight judges

• last minutes judges appointed by Adams

  • to maintain federalist influence

• Led to marbury v madison

John Marshall

• Chief justice (1801-1835)

• strengthened federal power and judicial authority

• ruled on case marbury vs madison and mcculloh v maryland

Land act of 1800

• made it easier for settlers to buy western land in installments

• encouraged westward expansion

Jefferson and the Judiciary

• sought to weaken federalist control of the courts

• repealed judiciary act of 1801

Barbary Pirates/Tripolitan war

• War b/w US and African state Tripoli

• Due to the refusal of President Thomas Jefferson to continue paying tribute to the Barbary pirates who demanded protection money from American ships;

• Jefferson sent the navy to Tripoli

Stephen Decatur

• skilled and courageous naval officer in the early American republic

• known for bold actions in the Tripolitan War and War of 1812

  • daring raid during the First Barbary War, he successfully recaptured and destroyed the captured American warship "Philadelphia" in the harbor of Tripoli

Louisiana territory

• Vast land area b/w Mississippi River and Rocky mountains

• controlled by France before sold to the US in 1803

James Monroe and Robert Livingston

• US diplomats

• secured the Louisiana purchase

• sent to negotiate purchase of New Orleans

Louisiana Purchase-reasons

• napolean needed money for European wars, and US wanted New Orleans for trade

• promoted westward expansion

Jefferson and loose construction

• initially strict constructionist

• made exception with Louisiana purchase

• set precedent for flexible use of federal power

Lewis and Clark

• Sent to explore the Louisiana territory

• mapped out the land and made relations with the native there

• provided geographical and scientific info

• established overload route to the Pacific

Saint Domingue

• Wealthy French sugar colony where a massive slave revolt led to independence in 1804

• France’s loss of the colony influenced Napoleon’s decision to sell Louisiana

Pierre Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture

• leader of the Haitian Revolution

• helped overthrow French rule

• Inspired other slave uprisings

Burr conspiriacy

• allegedly plotted to create an independent nation in the West

• tried for treason, but acquitted due to lack of evidence

Impressment

• British practice of seizing American sailor and forcing them into the French Royal Navy

• led to British-US conflict

Embargo Act of 1807

• Jefferson’s attempt to avoid war

• Banned US exports to Britain and France

• Hurt US economy especially New England, and was unpopular

• ended up hurting US economy instead

Chesapeake - Leopard affair

• British warship Leopard attacked USS Chesapeake

  • killed American sailors

• sparked outrage and called for war against Britain

Nonintercourse Act

• replaced the Embargo Act

• reopened all trade with all nations except Britain and France

• wanted to pressure Britain and France to respect US neutrality

Macon’s Bill No. 2

• Promised to resume trade with Britain and France

  • if the stopped attacking US Ships

• Napoleon took advantage and led to further conflict with Britain

War Hawks

• Young nationalists in Congress

  • Clay, Calhoun

• pushed for war against Britain

• wanted to defend US honor

Mr. Madison’s War

• Term for War of 1812

• Used by Federalist opposing the war

Nationalism

• promotes unity based on shared culture, history, and identity

• nation and state should be the same

• led to “Era of Good Feelings” after war of 1812

Sectionalism

• Loyalty to regional interests

• increased tensions b/w North South and West

Causes of War of 1812

• British impressment

• british interference with US trade

• british support to natives

• war hawk’s push for expansion

Federalist opposition to war

• feared economic damage

• some even discussed secession at Hartford Convention

Problems with Indians

• Natives resisted US expansion

  • were supported by british

• led to conflicts

  • ex: battle of tippecanoe

Tecumseh, The Prophet

• Shawnee leaders sought to unite Native tribes against US expansion

Battle of Tippecanoe

• US forces led by Harrison

• They defeated Tecumesen’s followers

• weakened Native resistance, but increased tensions with Britain

William Henry Harrison

• fought Natives and later became 9th prez

• Gained fame for victories in War of 1812

Commodore Matthew Perry

• US Navy officier

• led military expedition to Japan(arrived in Tokyo bay)

  • opened its ports to American trade

Lake Erie

• US naval victory under Oliver Hazard Perry

• Secured American control of Great lakes

Washington DC

• British troops burned the White House and Capitol

• showed US vulnerability but also fueled nationalism

Baltimore

• Battle of Baltimore

• American forces defended the port city against British attack

• inspired “Star Spangled banner”

New Orleans

• Jackson’s victory over British

• Boosted American morale

• paved way for jackson’s presidency

hartford Convention

• Federalists met to discuss opposition to war

• Hurt the Federalist’s reputation → led to its downfall

Treaty of Ghent

• Ended War of 1812

  • no territorial changes

• both sides decided to ceases hostilities and restore conquered territories without addressing key American grievances

Effect of War of 1812

• increased nationalism

• weakened native resistance

• end of federalist party

Judiciary Act of 1801

• passed by federalists

• created new courts and judgeships

• repealed by Jeffersonian Republicans

• led to MarBury vs. Madison

Tariff of 1816

• First protective tariff in US history

• Aimed to protect American industries from British imports

James Monroe

• 5th prez of US

• Issued Monroe Doctrine

  • opposed European intervention in America

• Democratic Republican party

James Madison

• 4th Prez, during war of 1812

• supported stronger federal gov

• Democratic Repiblican

Napoleon Bonaparte

• French Emperor

  • his wars affected US foreign policy

• Sold Louisiana to the US

Henry Clay

• Leader of War Hawks

• supported War of 1812

• promoted tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvement

Daniel Webster

• New England politician and orator

• Opposed War of 1812

• strong nationalist

John C. Calhoun

• Southern politics

• War Hawk

• Major advocate for states rights and slavery