Economy 1855-1964

Reutern statistics

industrial output doubled

railway increased 7 fold

Witte statistics

coal production doubled

steel and iron production increased 7 fold

increased income from industry 42-161 million roubles 1893-97

Witte / Great Spurt

alexander iii and nicholas ii

gold standard 1897

nationalisation of industry

neglected agriculture

improvements in production stats

continued railway expansion

encouraged foreign expertise

Reutern

alexander ii

encouraged foreign investment

foreign expertise (jj hughes, ludwig loop, nobel brothers)

secured investment in russian industry

increased industrial production

tans-siberian railway expansion

NEP

lenin (1921-28)

free enterprise / market

peasants could sell surplus grain

privatisation of lighter industry

continued nationalisation of heavy industry

revalued rouble

increased industrial output

War Communism

lenin (1917-21)

grain requisitioning

nationalisation of industry

militarisation of labour

Bunge

alexander iii

Abolition of salt tax 1881

abolition of poll tax 1886

peasant land bank 1883

state ownership of railways

Vyshnegradsky

alexander iii

Mendeleev tariff 1891

seen as cause of 1891 famine

continued grain exports

Stalin

5 year plans

Great Break / Turn

quotas

unrealistic plans, managers lied about stats

rapid urbanisation

collectivisation (1941 = 98% on collective farms)

grain requisitioning

Khrushchev

continued 5 yr plans

7 yr plan

virgin lands scheme (1964 = 165 million acres for production)

abolished MTS

prioritising consumer goods / light industry

Lenin

civil war inflation - 1920 rouble = 1% of 1917

NEP

War communism

state capitalism

introduction of SEC (supreme economic council) to manage industries