Science Review Unit 1 Part 1

Science flashcards for school and studying.

Circulatory System

The system responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones throughout the body.

Heart

The organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.

Capillaries

Small blood vessels where exchange of substances occurs.

Plasma

The liquid part of blood.

Red Blood Cells

Cells that carry oxygen.

Platelets

Cell fragments that help in blood clotting.

Respiration

Respiration is a biochemical process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. It occurs in two main types:

1. Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen and produces more energy.

2. Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs without oxygen, producing less energy and byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol

Lungs

Organs where gas exchange occurs.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Oxygen

A gas that is essential for cellular respiration.

Carbon Dioxide

A waste gas produced by cells.

Inhalation

The act of taking air into the lungs.

Exhalation

The act of expelling air from the lungs.

Gas exchange

The process of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar membrane to the capillaries, in opposite directions.

Cellular Respiration

• The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

• Happens in both plant and animal cells.

• Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell.

Anaerobic Respiration

• A type of respiration that occurs without oxygen, producing energy quickly but less efficiently.

• It produces energy quickly but results in less energy compared to aerobic respiration.

• It happens during intense exercise when oxygen is low

Lactic Acid

• A waste product produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles.

• It can build up in muscles, causing fatigue and soreness.

Aerobic Respiration

• A process where cells use oxygen to break down glucose into energy, water, and carbon dioxide.

• This is the most efficient way for muscles to generate energy.

Muscle Fatigue

The weakening of muscle strength caused by lactic acid accumulation and energy depletion during prolonged exercise.

Clearing Waste Products

• The process of removing waste products like lactic acid from muscles, often aided by oxygen.

• (School version: After anaerobic respiration, waste products like lactic acid are removed from muscles, often with the help of oxygen, which breaks down the lactic acid.)

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Thermoregulation

Regulation of body temperature.

Glucose

A sugar that is a major energy source for cells.

Hormones

Chemicals that regulate body processes.

Receptors

Structures that detect changes in the environment.

Feedback Loop

A system that helps maintain homeostasis.

Type: Negative Feedback

• A mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point.

• Examples: insulin/ glucagon secretion for glucose metabolism, disruption causes diabetes

Type: Positive Feedback

A mechanism that increases a deviation from the set point.

Stimulus

A change in the environment that triggers a response.

Response

A change in the system to counteract a stimulus.

Disruption in Homeostatis example: Diabetes

• Type 1- the pancreas does not produce insulin 

• Type 2- the insulin receptors on body cells get damaged and do not bind to insulin as well

• Without insulin medication, diabetics will have high blood glucose and low energy production. Can be very dangerous.

Type 1 Diabetes

A condition where the pancreas does not produce insulin.