Unit 3 Test: Chapter 10

Blood Vessels and Blood

A disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). People with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are at an increased risk for developing certain cancers and for infections that usually occur only in individuals with a weak immune system (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen.

Anaphylaxis

A condition in which the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin is deficient.

Anemia

Weakening of the wall of a blood vessel, causing it to thin and balloon out, and possibly eventually burst, resulting in internal bleeding.

Aneurysm

A procedure to x-ray blood vessels.

Angiography

A procedure in which an occlusion is mechanically widened with a balloon.

Angioplasty

Instrument used for visual examination of blood vessels.

Angioscope

Endoscopic examination of blood vessels.

Angioscopy

Proteins that will mount an immune response against B antigens.

Anti-B antibodies

Proteins made by plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) in response to an antigen. Each antibody can bind to only one specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen.

Antibodies

Substances that provoke an immune response. This happens because the immune system sees them as foreign, or 'non-self" (does not belong in that body).

Antigens

A condition in which the aortic valve becomes rigid and may calcify over time.

Aortic stenosis

A blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart.

Artery

A very small artery that leads to a capillary.

Arteriole

An x-ray of arteries.

Arteriogram

The generalized loss of compliance; "hardening of the arteries".

Arteriosclerosis

Excision of fatty plaque.

Atherectomy

A hardening of the arteries that involves the accumulation of fatty plaque.

Atherosclerosis

the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans

Blood

The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls

Blood Pressure

a medical procedure used to diagnose and monitor various blood disorders and cancers by extracting and examining bone marrow samples.

Bone Marrow biopsy

a medical procedure that replaces unhealthy bone marrow with healthy stem cells to treat various diseases, including certain cancers.

Bone marrow transplant

The large artery in the upper arm near the biceps muscle.

Brachial artery

The smallest type of blood vessel. Connects an arteriole (small artery) to a venule (small vein) to form a network of blood vessels in almost all parts of the body.

Capillaries

The measurement of blood flow from the heart through the ventricles and is usually measured in liters per minute. Any factor that causes cardiac output to increase, by elevating heart rate or stroke volume or both, will elevate blood pressure and promote blood flow.

Cardiac output

A potentially fatal condition in which excess fluid builds within the pericardial space, preventing the heart from beating effectively.

Cardiac tamponade

Originating from the heart.

Cardiogenic

Located in the neck, it is one of the three major branches of the aortic arch.

Carotid artery

Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects.

Centrifugation

Cells that sense changes in chemical levels.

Chemoreceptors

Movement in response to chemicals; a phenomenon in which injured or infected cells and nearby leukocytes emit the equivalent of a chemical "911" call, attracting more leukocytes to the site.

Chemotaxis

the state of insufficient blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system.

Circulatory shock

The ability of the blood vessels to dilate and constrict as needed.

Compliance

Surgery in which a healthy blood vessel taken from another part of the body is used to make a new path for blood around a blocked artery leading to the heart. This restores the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart.

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A disease in which there is a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries.

Coronary heart disease

A condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is inflamed over a long period of time.

Crohn's disease

a healthcare professional who uses ultrasound to examine blood vessels throughout the body

Diagnostic vascular technologist

The migration of blood cells through the intact walls of blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.

Diapedesis

The arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole.

Diastolic pressure

Swelling due to excessive liquid in the tissues.

Edema

An obstruction such as a blood clot or plaque that blocks the flow of blood in an artery or vein.

Embolus

Excision of plaque from within the artery.

Endarterectomy

Epithelium that lines vessels in the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems.

Endothelium

The wider section at the end of long bones.

Epiphyses

A red blood cell.

Erythrocyte

A hormone produced by the kidneys that triggers the production of red blood cells.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hematopoiesis outside the medullary cavity of adult bones.

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

The number of times the heart beats within a certain time period, usually a minute.

Heart rate

A lab test which measures the percentage red blood cells in a sample of whole blood.

Hematocrit

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating blood disorders.

Hematologist

The study of blood and blood-forming issues.

Hematology

A pool of mostly clotted blood that forms in an organ, tissue, or body space.

Hematoma

The breakdown of red blood cells.

Hemolysis

The process by which the body produces blood.

Hematopoiesis

the Rh antibodies she has produced can cross the placenta into the fetal bloodstream and destroy the fetal RBCs.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

a group of related genetic disorders in which certain plasma clotting factors are lacking or inadequate or nonfunctional.

Hemophilia

Chemical messengers which promote the proliferation and differentiation of formed elements and include erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins.

Hemopoietic growth factors

Excessive bleeding.

Hemorrhage

The process by which the body seals a ruptured blood vessel to prevent further blood loss.

Hemostasis

The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.

Homeostasis

Abnormally high blood pressure.

Hypertension

Abnormally low body temperature.

Hypothermia

The disease state caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland.

Hypothyroidism

An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body.

Hypovolemic

Below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically

Hypoxemia

Lack of oxygen supply to the tissues.

Hypoxia

The decreased ability of the body to fight infections and other diseases.

Immunodeficiency

Into or within the vein.

Intravenous

Lack of blood flow to body tissues.

Ischemia

cancer involving an abundance of leukocytes.

Leukemia

a condition in which too few leukocytes are produced.

Leukopenia

excessive leukocyte proliferation

Leukocytosis

An abnormal decrease in the number of leukocytes.

Leukocytopenia

A chronic, inflammatory, connective tissue disease that can affect the joints and many organs.

Lupus

Inflammation of lymph nodes.

Lymphadenitis

Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes.

Lymphadenopathy

A form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues. These leukocytes do not function properly, and the patient is vulnerable to infection.

Lymphoma

A large cell derived from a monocyte; they participate in innate immune responses.

Macrophage

A part of the brain stem responsible for control of heart rate and breathing.

Medulla oblongata

operate laboratory equipment, analyze body fluids, and discuss their findings with physicians.

Medical laboratory technologist/technician

Various cancer that arises in plasma cells.

Multiple myeloma

Formation of bone marrow.

Myelopoiesis

A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of red and white blood cells and platelets in the blood.

Pancytopenia

Penetration of blood.

Perfusion

Obstruction of vessels in peripheral regions of the body.

Peripheral arterial disease

A measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is, as determined by the number of free hydrogen ions in the substance.

pH

The process by which certain cells are able to "eat" other cells or substances by engulfing them.

Phagocytized

Inflammation of a vein.

Phlebitis

A medical professional trained to draw blood, typically by performing a venipuncture of a surface vein of the arm.

Phlebotomist

A procedure in which a needle is used to take blood from a vein, usually for laboratory testing.

Phlebotomy

The organ that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, excretes waste products, and produces and secretes estrogens and progesterone.

Placenta

A fatty material including cholesterol, connective tissue, white blood cells, and some smooth muscle cells.

Plaque

A type of B lymphocyte that produces antibodies which bind to specific foreign or abnormal antigens, in order to destroy them.

Plasma cells

A procedure in which a machine is used to separate the plasma from the blood cells.

Plasmapheresis

An abnormal collection of air in the space between the thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and the chest cavity that can cause all or part of the lung to collapse.

Pneumothorax

an elevated RBC count and is detected in a patient’s elevated hematocrit.

Polycythemia

A type of bone marrow disease that causes an excessive production of immature erythrocytes.

Polycythemia vera

A blood clot within the lung.

Pulmonary embolism

The expansion and recoiling of the arterial wall each time the heart ejects blood forcefully into the circulation.

Pulse

classified according to the presence or absence of a second erythrocyte antigen identified as Rh.

Rh blood group