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Obligate mutualism
An interaction where two species are entirely dependent on each other for survival and reproduction.
Facultative mutualism
An interaction where the species benefit from each other but can survive and reproduce independently.
Trophic mutualism
A mutualism involving the transfer of energy or nutrients between species.
Service mutualism
A mutualism where one species performs an ecological service for another (e.g., pollination, dispersal, defense).
Habitat mutualism
A mutualism where one species provides habitat for another.
Dominant species
A species that is highly abundant and has a large biomass in an ecosystem, often influencing community structure due to its sheer numbers
Keystone species
A species that has a disproportionately large impact on its environment relative to its abundance. Its removal can lead to significant changes in community structure and function.
Direct interactions
Interactions that occur when two species interact directly with each other (e.g., predation, competition, mutualism)
Indirect interactions
Interactions that occur when the interaction between two species is mediated by a third species (e.g., a predator affecting a competitor of its prey).
Top-down control
Occurs when the structure and dynamics of an ecosystem are primarily determined by the effects of predators at the top trophic levels
Bottom-up control
Occurs when the structure and dynamics of an ecosystem are primarily determined by the availability of resources at the base of the food web (e.g., nutrients, primary producers).
Impact of top predator removal
. In top-down controlled systems, removal can cause trophic cascades, increasing prey populations and impacting lower trophic levels