Terms & Questions (Cram)

True or false: The urinary system is the only way waste products are eliminated from the body

False. It is a major way, but not the only way

Byproduct of protein metabolism eliminated through the urinary system

Urea

Which two parts of the urinary tract are considered part of the lower urinary tract?

1. Bladder

2. Urethra

Which two parts of the urinary tract are considered part of the upper urinary tract?

1. Ureters

2. Kidneys

Which kidney is more cranial?

Right kidney

True or false: The kidneys are located in the ventral abdomen

False. They are located in the dorsal abdomen

Term that describes the position of the kidneys between the peritoneum and the abdominal wall

Retroperitoneal

Glands that are often associated with the kidneys due to proximity, but have nothing to do with their function

Adrenal glands

Area of blood vessel and ureter attachement to a kidney

Hilus

True or false: The kidneys are slightly motile

True

Structures that drain the urine produced by the kidneys into the bladder

Ureters

Is the bladder located ahead or behind the pelvic rim?

Ahead

Tube that drains urine from the bladder to the exterior, longer and narrower in males

Urethra

True or false: The main role of the kidneys is to produce urine

False. The main role is to filter blood and eliminate waste products

Other than filtering blood and eliminating waste, what is another function of the kidney?

Maintaining homeostasis by changing the composition of blood plasma

The effects of the kidneys on blood plasma affects the release of which two hormones?

1. Antidiuretic hormone

2. Aldosterone

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys?

Erythropoietin

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the kidney

Capsule

Term that describes the lumpy appearence of this kidney, which animal is this from?

https://images.cram.com/images/upload-flashcard/26/50/83/37265083_m.jpeg

Area just inside the kidney, close to the hilus, collects urine

Renal pelvis

Outer layer of the kidney

Cortex

Inner layer of the kidey

Medulla

Functional unit of the kidney

Nephron

Cluster of capillaries with high blood pressure

Glomerulus

High blood pressure in the glomerules squeezes out the plasma from blood, producing what?

Glomerular filtrate

Structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects glomerular filtrate

Bowman's capsule

Structure after the Bowman's capsule that filtrate enters

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Only part of the nephron in the medulla

Loop of Henle

Structure after the loop of Henle that the filtrate enters

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Structure that connects the distal convoluted tubule to the renal pelvis

Collecting ducts

How many minutes does it take for the kidneys to filter all the blood in the body?

4–5 minutes

Vessel that supplies the kidney with blood

Renal artery

Vessel that drains blood from the kidneys

Renal vein

Very small branches of the renal artery that supply blood to the glomerulus

Afferent glomerular arterioles

Blood that stays in the capillaries drains into this structure

Efferent glomerular arterioles

Capillaries that surround the nephron, efferent glomerular arterioles branch into these

Peritubular capillaries

Two parts of the nephron involved in reabsorption

1. Proximal convoluted tubule

2. Loop of Henle

Part of the nephron into which substances are secreted if they didn't get filtered out of the blood with the plasma in the glomerulus (eg. penicillin)

Distal convoluted tubule

What does antidiuretic hormone do?

Acts on the distal convoluted tubule to increase water reabsorption

What does aldosterone do?

Increases reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts, water follows

What type of muscle is in the walls of the ureters, what kind of cells line them?

Smooth muscle in the walls, lined with transitional epithelium

How many layers of muscle does the bladder have, what kind of muscle are they?

3 smooth muscle layers

What kind of cells line the bladder?

Transitional epithelium

If the bladder is composed of smooth muscle, why is urination voluntary?

Skeletal muscle sphincter

What shape does the bladder take on as it expands?

Pear–shaped

Are bladder stones more common in male or females?

Males, smaller urethra, harder to pee them out

Anatomical name for the release of urine from the body

Micturition

How does the bladder communicate to the brain that it is full?

Stretch receptors activate a spinal reflex that causes bladder contraction

True or false: The urethra is lined with squamous epithelium

False. Like the bladder and the ureters, it is also lined with transitional epithelium