Living Environment Midterm

Carbohydrate Function

• Short term energy

• Cellulose makes up cell walls of plants (cellulose = fiber)

Monomer of Carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Lactose

Polymers of Carbohydrate

Complex carbohydrate (Polysaccharide)

Ex: Starch, Cellulose

Elements in Carbohydrate

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Carbohydrate Food Sources

Breads, Cereals, Pasta, Rice, Potato's and Bananas

Protein Function

Speeds up reactions, fights diseases

Monomer of Protein

Amino Acids

Polymer of Protein

Polypeptide

Elements in Protein

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Protein Food Examples

meats, eggs, beans. chicken

Nucleic Acid Function

Holds the instructions for life

Monomer of Nucleic Acid

Nucleotides

Polymer of Nucleic Acid

Polynucleotide

Elements in Nucleic Acid

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Lipid Functions

Insulation, makes up cell membranes (phospholipids), steroids, and cholesterol

Elements in Lipid

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are lipids made of?

Fatty acids and glycerol

Lipid Food Sources

meat, fish, oils, butter, fried foods, avocados, eggs & nuts

Simple Sugar

The most basic unit that all carbohydrates are built

Glucose

Complex Carbohydrates

Long chains of sugar molecules found in food like whole grains, and vegetables

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

Excretion

Removing waste products from the organism (urination, sweating, etc.)

Metabolic waste is waste that comes from...

substances created during metabolism that are unusable by the body.

Cyclosis

The circular movement of cytoplasm within a cell.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction when a chemical compound is broken down with water

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

Undigested material from the digestive tract beomes...

Fecal matter (stool)

Positive Relationship (linear) on a Graph

Line goes up

Negative Relationship on a Graph

Line goes down

Constant Relationship on a Graph

Line is straight

Genus

A biological classification term that refers to a group of closely related species.

Species

The most specific classification of an organism.

A scientific name is made of two parts which are (Binomial Nomenclature)...

The genus of the organism, which is capitalized, and the species. If the scientific name is typed, italicize the name, but if it is handwritten underline it.

Which organisms are the closest related...ones that are the same genus, domain, or species?

Organisms that are the same species are the closest related.

Levels of Classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Levels of Organization

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system and organism.

When a plant is put underwater and exposed to light, what process will it do to create bubbles? What gas is found in those bubbles?

If a plant is put underwater and exposed to light, photosynthesis will occur producing oxygen bubbles.

Reactants of Photosynthesis

CO2 + Sunlight energy + water

Products of Photosynthesis

Glucose (C6H12O6) + O2

Reactants of Cellular Respiration

Glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2)

Products of Cellular Respiration

Carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20), and ATP

Waste Products of Cellular Respiration

Water and CO2

What three letters do enzymes end in?

-ase

What three letters do sugars end in?

-ose

Aerobic Organism

One that requires oxygen to survive and grow

Heterotroph

An organism that eats plants or animals for energy

Anaerobic Organism

An organism that does not require oxygen for survival

Autotroph

It means that it produces its own food with carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water.

Carbon dioxide and oxygen cycle

The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between plants and animals

Three lab safety rules you should follow when heating test tubes

1.Point the open end away from yourself and others

2. Use tongs to hold the test tube instead of your hands

3. Wear safety goggles

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Nutrition

Getting nutrients from your body or the environment (autotrophs and heterotrophs).

Excretion

Removing waste products from the organism.

Growth

Increasing in size or number of cells.

Independent variable

The variable you are testing. The 'if' part of the hypothesis

Dependent variable

Variable that depends on something. The 'effect' of the experiment. The "then" part of the hypothesis

Controlled variable

Variables that are kept the same between the control and experimental group.

Control group

The group that does not have any special treatment by the experiment.

Experimental group

Has one extra variable that the control group does not have. The variable is what you are testing - independent variable

Alveoli

Thin, highly folded pockets of air surrounded by a capillary. Here oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli.

Oxygen

Gas that we need to breathe. Produced by photosynthesis and used by cellular respiration

Carbon dioxide

CO2 - A gas that is expelled from the body by the respiratory system. Need to produce photosynthesis and produced by cellular respiration

Capillary

The tiniest blood vessel, where exchange of gas and nutrients occurs.

Gas exchange

The process of moving oxygen into the body and removing CO2.

Locomotion

The movement of an organism from one place to another.

Synthesis

Combining simple substances into complex substances (making proteins, starch, etc.).

Transport

The movement of materials into an organism (absorption) and through the inside of the organism (circulation)

Reproduction

Cells creating more cells, or organisms creating offspring sexually or asexually.

Wet mount

To examine a sample under a microscope by placing it in a droplet of water or salt solution on a glass slide.

Cover slip

A small thin piece of glass used to cover and protect a specimen on a microscope slide.

Slide

The glass that a specimen is mounted on (wet mount or permanent).

Stage clips

A part of the microscope that holds the slide in place for the observer to view.

What happens to red onion cells when you put them in salt water? Use osmosis in your answer and tell me which direction water moves in.

When you put red onion cells in salt water, water diffuses through osmosis out of the cell and shrinks because salt sucks water out of the cell.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of internal stability. Also called dynamic equilibrium

Give three examples of a disruption of homeostasis in an organism

Dehydration, body temperature, diseases

Inference

An explanation of an observation.

Theory

Comprehensive explanation of a wide range of observations over a large period of time

fact

A statement that can be proved.

Prediction

An educated guess on what might happen in an experiment.

Hypothesis

An inference about the scientific method. The hypothesis is never in the form of a question. It is usually stated in a "if...then" format

Can salt move across a cell membrane?

No salt cannot be diffused into a membrane

Scientific method

1. Ask a question 2. Research your topic 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test hypothesis by setting up experiment 5. Collect and analyze data 6. Form a conclusion 7. Report data.

Benefits of increased heart rate during exercise

One benefit is that the blood more quickly can transport waste from cell respiration (CO2) more quickly to the lungs to be exhaled. Another benefit is that oxygen can reach body tissue more quickly.

Centimeters and millimeters

multiply by 10

mitochondria

Organelle that, using oxygen, convert nutrients into energy that can be used by the cell

vacuole

a type of vesicle that stores water, nutrients, and other chemicals. The large vacuole found in plant cells helps the cells maintain their shape.

nucleus

A round body in the cell that contains DNA and regulates gene expression.

ribosome

Tiny structure where proteins are synthesized.

Benedict's solution

Indicates glucose if glucose is present. If positive, the color turns orange. If negative, it stays blue.

Lugol's (Starch/Iodine) solution

Indicates starch. Starts amber (negative) - turns blue/black (positive).

Biuret solution

Tests for proteins. If proteins are present, it turns violet; if not, it stays blue.

Sudan III

Indicates lipids. If negative, nothing happens; if positive, it thickens or gets clumpy.

Bromythymol blue (BTB)

An indicator used in photosynthesis and cellular respiration experiments. Turns yellow when CO2 levels are high and blue when O2 levels are high.

Active transport

The movement of materials 'up' a concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Passive transport

The movement of materials 'down' a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. (passive transport)

diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (passive transport)

Total magnification

Total magnification = ocular x objective. Example: Total magnification = 4x10=40x.

Which ph would pepsin be most effective at?

PH of 2

Enzyme and Substrate

The place where the enzymes are active

What does it mean to make an even interval (aka an appropriate scale) on your graph?

Each interval (space between values) on the axis should be equal.