Histology of the Cell 07/01

The plasma membrane is ——-laminar

Trilaminar

What makes up the plasma membrane

Proteins, lipids, carbs

E face vs. P face of plasma membrane

E face: extracellular, P face: protoplasm

Where do integral proteins mainly lay

P face

What diseases are caused by issues with plasma membrane rafts

Autism, Alzheimers

What lipid type is associated with lipid rafts

Sphingolipids and cholestrol

What is the role of cholestrol

To maintain membrane fluidity and make the membrane more permeable to water soluble molecules

What is a glycolipid and where are they found

it is a lipid with a carb attached that is found on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane

What is the role of glycolipids

To protext the cell from low pH/enzymes and to help cells adhere to each other or the ECM

What are the 2 types of membrane proteins

Integral and peripheral

What is the role of ubiquitin? What happens if it doesn’t work right?

Ubiquitin is responsible for recruiting proteins for degredation. If it isn’t working right, it can cause cervical cancer

How much of the plasma membrane is made of membrane proteins?

more than 50%

How much of the plasma membrane do carbs make up

5-10%

What is the glycolayx and what is its function?

It is a carbohydrate coat that is responsible for cell protection, its a receptor site for hormones, cell recognition, and cell association

What is the purpose of signaling molecules

Signaling cells release signaling molecules like hormones/neurotransmitters to send a message to other cells or parts of the body

What is pinocytosis

Cell drinking via small vesicles

What is phagocytosis

Cell eating via large vesicles

What is receptor mediated endocytosis

Cell uptake via vesicles that are specific for certain substances

What diseases can be caused by issues with clathrin mediated endocytosis

Huntington’s disease and hypercholestremia

What is exocytosis? Is regulated?

cell expulsion, not always regulated. If regulated, it is triggered by hormonal/neural stimulators

What is the main purpose of the mitochondria

it is responsible for creating ATP for the cell

How many membranes does mitochondria have?

2

Describe the structure of the outer membrane of the mitochondria

Smooth

Describe the structure of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Has folds called cristae

What lays between the 2 membranes of the mitochondria? What is it full of?

The intermembrane space, full of enzymes

What do peroxisomes produce?

Hydrogen peroxide

Where are peroxisomes found? Why?

Often found in liver and kidney for drug/alcohol detox and breaking down fatty acids

What is the role of the rER

To synthesize proteins

What is the role of ribosomes

To make a polypeptide chain of proteins and send them throughout the cell for use

What is the role of the sER

Steroid synthesis, detox

What is the difference between the cis and trans face of the golgi?

The cis face receives shit from the rER

What is the role of the golgi?

It modifies, packs, and ships proteins around cell or outside cell via vesicles

What is anterograde transport with rER/golgi?

Sending things from from rER to golgi

What is the role of lysosomes? How do they accomplish degredation?

To degrade harmful/old intracellular materials. They degrade via hydrolytic enzymes

What is Tay Sachs disease?

It is a lysosomal malfunction disorder where the enzyme Hex A stops working, causing a buildup of GM2 in nerve cells

What disease results from microtubules not functioning correctly?

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

What disease results from microfilaments not functioning correctly?

Sickle cell anemia

Dysfunction of intermediate filaments can result in which disease

Alzheimers

What is the role of the nuclear envelope

It encloses the nucleus and keeps DNA inside the nucleus and seperate from cytoplasm

What happens to the nuclear matrix/lamina during cell cycle

it is phosphorylated and broken down

What is the role of the nucleolus

It is the site of rRNA synthesis, looks like the pupil part of the cell slide

Heterochromatin vs. euchromatin on cell slide

Hetero is the darker part, eu is the lighter part