Chapter 14: Temperature and Heat Concepts

Evaporative Cooling

Cooling process via evaporation of sweat or water.

Thermoreceptors

Skin sensors detecting temperature changes.

Heat Energy

Energy associated with random atomic motion.

Temperature

Measure of hotness or coldness on a scale.

Thermal Equilibrium

State where temperatures of objects equalize.

Linear Expansion

Change in length of a material due to temperature.

Volumetric Expansion

Change in volume of a material due to temperature.

Temperature Scales

Systems for measuring temperature, e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit.

Conduction

Heat transfer through direct contact of materials.

Convection

Heat transfer through fluid movement.

Radiation

Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves.

Phase Change

Transition of matter between solid, liquid, gas states.

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion related to temperature.

Thermometers

Devices measuring temperature using varying properties.

Mercury Thermometer

Thermometer using mercury expansion to measure temperature.

Ethanol Thermometer

Thermometer using ethanol expansion for temperature measurement.

Gas Pressure

Pressure changes in gas with temperature variations.

Electrical Resistance

Resistance changes in conductors with temperature.

Energy Transfer

Movement of energy due to temperature differences.

Thermodynamics

Study of energy transformations and matter properties.

Heat Transfer Rate

Speed of energy transfer between systems.

Behavioral Response

Actions taken to maintain body temperature.

Core Temperature

Constant internal body temperature essential for survival.

Thermal Equilibrium

State where two systems have equal temperatures.

Thermometer

Device used to measure temperature of objects.

Insulator

Material that slows thermal interactions between systems.

Ideal Insulator

Material preventing any thermal interaction between systems.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If A is in equilibrium with B and C, then B and C are in equilibrium.

Thermal Conductor

Material allowing thermal interactions between systems.

Temperature Measurement

Process of determining temperature using a thermometer.

Equilibrium Condition

State where no temperature change occurs in a system.

Celsius Scale

Temperature scale based on the freezing and boiling points of water.

Fahrenheit Scale

Temperature scale used primarily in the United States.

Heat Transfer

Movement of thermal energy between systems.

Thermal Interaction

Exchange of thermal energy between two systems.

Camping Cooler

Insulated container to keep items cold.

Hot Object

System with higher temperature than its surroundings.

Cold Object

System with lower temperature than its surroundings.

Equilibrium Temperature

Final temperature when two systems reach thermal equilibrium.

Thermal Equilibrium Condition

Both systems must have the same temperature.

Interaction Delay

Insulation slows down thermal equilibrium attainment.

Thermal Equilibrium Verification

Experimentally confirming systems are in thermal equilibrium.

Temperature Scale

System for assigning numerical values to temperatures.

Heat Amount

Total thermal energy contained in a system.

System Interaction

Contact between systems leading to temperature changes.

Thermal Equilibrium Principle

Two systems cannot be in equilibrium if temperatures differ.

Heat Transfer

Energy movement from hot to cold objects.

Celsius Scale

Temperature scale with freezing at 0 degrees.

Fahrenheit Scale

Temperature scale with freezing at 32 degrees.

Degrees

Intervals used to measure temperature changes.

Boiling Point

Temperature where liquid turns to gas.

Freezing Point

Temperature where liquid turns to solid.

Temperature Interval

Difference in temperature between two states.

Thermometer Calibration

Aligning thermometers to agree at specific temperatures.

Liquid-in-Tube Thermometer

Device using liquid expansion to measure temperature.

Gas Thermometer

Temperature measurement device using gas expansion.

Normal Atmospheric Pressure

Standard pressure at sea level, 1 atm.

Hydrothermal Vents

Underwater openings releasing hot mineral-rich water.

Microorganisms

Organisms that can survive extreme temperatures.

Interpolation

Estimating values between known data points.

Extrapolation

Estimating values beyond known data points.

Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion

Multiply Celsius by 1.8, add 32.

Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion

Subtract 32, multiply by 5/9.

Negative Temperature

Temperature below freezing point on Celsius scale.

Temperature Change

Difference between initial and final temperatures.

Chimneys in Hydrothermal Vents

Mineral structures formed by hot water emissions.

Pressure Effect on Boiling Point

Higher pressure raises boiling point of water.

Actual Temperature

Specific temperature reading on a scale.

Temperature Change Notation

Expressed as degrees Celsius difference.

Kelvin scale

Temperature scale with absolute zero as zero point.

Absolute zero

Hypothetical temperature where gas pressure is zero.

Constant-volume gas thermometer

Device measuring gas pressure to determine temperature.

Pressure-temperature relationship

Direct correlation between gas pressure and temperature.

Extrapolation

Extending a graph to predict values beyond measured data.

Room temperature

Common indoor temperature, approximately 293 K.

Kelvin unit

Unit of temperature, abbreviated as K.

Celsius to Kelvin conversion

Add 273.15 to Celsius temperature for Kelvin.

Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion

Subtract 32, then multiply by 5/9.

Thermodynamic principles

Laws governing energy and temperature relationships.

Temperature scales comparison

Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales compared graphically.

Skin temperature

Surface temperature, typically lower than internal body temperature.

Temperature interval

Difference in temperature measured across scales.

Degree symbol

Not used with the Kelvin temperature scale.

Temperature change in Kelvin

Equal to temperature change in Celsius.

Body temperature

Normal internal temperature around 310.15 K.

Gas liquefaction

Process where gas turns into liquid at low temperatures.

Gas solidification

Process where gas turns into solid at very low temperatures.

Hypothetical temperature

Temperature that cannot be physically observed.

Graphical representation

Visual depiction of data points and trends.

Celsius scale

Temperature scale where freezing is 0°C.

Fahrenheit scale

Temperature scale where freezing is 32°F.

Temperature conversion

Process of changing temperature units between scales.

Thermal Expansion

Materials expand when temperature increases, contract when cooled.

Linear Expansion

Length change is proportional to temperature change.

Coefficient of Linear Expansion

Proportionality constant for length change with temperature.

Equation 14.4

Length change is proportional to temperature change.

Equation 14.5

Final length depends on initial length and temperature.

Temperature Interval

Same in Celsius and Kelvin scales.

Bimaterial Strips

Two materials welded to sense temperature changes.

Mechanical Thermostats

Use bimetallic strips to control electrical connections.