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Evaporative Cooling
Cooling process via evaporation of sweat or water.
Thermoreceptors
Skin sensors detecting temperature changes.
Heat Energy
Energy associated with random atomic motion.
Temperature
Measure of hotness or coldness on a scale.
Thermal Equilibrium
State where temperatures of objects equalize.
Linear Expansion
Change in length of a material due to temperature.
Volumetric Expansion
Change in volume of a material due to temperature.
Temperature Scales
Systems for measuring temperature, e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit.
Conduction
Heat transfer through direct contact of materials.
Convection
Heat transfer through fluid movement.
Radiation
Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves.
Phase Change
Transition of matter between solid, liquid, gas states.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion related to temperature.
Thermometers
Devices measuring temperature using varying properties.
Mercury Thermometer
Thermometer using mercury expansion to measure temperature.
Ethanol Thermometer
Thermometer using ethanol expansion for temperature measurement.
Gas Pressure
Pressure changes in gas with temperature variations.
Electrical Resistance
Resistance changes in conductors with temperature.
Energy Transfer
Movement of energy due to temperature differences.
Thermodynamics
Study of energy transformations and matter properties.
Heat Transfer Rate
Speed of energy transfer between systems.
Behavioral Response
Actions taken to maintain body temperature.
Core Temperature
Constant internal body temperature essential for survival.
Thermal Equilibrium
State where two systems have equal temperatures.
Thermometer
Device used to measure temperature of objects.
Insulator
Material that slows thermal interactions between systems.
Ideal Insulator
Material preventing any thermal interaction between systems.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If A is in equilibrium with B and C, then B and C are in equilibrium.
Thermal Conductor
Material allowing thermal interactions between systems.
Temperature Measurement
Process of determining temperature using a thermometer.
Equilibrium Condition
State where no temperature change occurs in a system.
Celsius Scale
Temperature scale based on the freezing and boiling points of water.
Fahrenheit Scale
Temperature scale used primarily in the United States.
Heat Transfer
Movement of thermal energy between systems.
Thermal Interaction
Exchange of thermal energy between two systems.
Camping Cooler
Insulated container to keep items cold.
Hot Object
System with higher temperature than its surroundings.
Cold Object
System with lower temperature than its surroundings.
Equilibrium Temperature
Final temperature when two systems reach thermal equilibrium.
Thermal Equilibrium Condition
Both systems must have the same temperature.
Interaction Delay
Insulation slows down thermal equilibrium attainment.
Thermal Equilibrium Verification
Experimentally confirming systems are in thermal equilibrium.
Temperature Scale
System for assigning numerical values to temperatures.
Heat Amount
Total thermal energy contained in a system.
System Interaction
Contact between systems leading to temperature changes.
Thermal Equilibrium Principle
Two systems cannot be in equilibrium if temperatures differ.
Heat Transfer
Energy movement from hot to cold objects.
Celsius Scale
Temperature scale with freezing at 0 degrees.
Fahrenheit Scale
Temperature scale with freezing at 32 degrees.
Degrees
Intervals used to measure temperature changes.
Boiling Point
Temperature where liquid turns to gas.
Freezing Point
Temperature where liquid turns to solid.
Temperature Interval
Difference in temperature between two states.
Thermometer Calibration
Aligning thermometers to agree at specific temperatures.
Liquid-in-Tube Thermometer
Device using liquid expansion to measure temperature.
Gas Thermometer
Temperature measurement device using gas expansion.
Normal Atmospheric Pressure
Standard pressure at sea level, 1 atm.
Hydrothermal Vents
Underwater openings releasing hot mineral-rich water.
Microorganisms
Organisms that can survive extreme temperatures.
Interpolation
Estimating values between known data points.
Extrapolation
Estimating values beyond known data points.
Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion
Multiply Celsius by 1.8, add 32.
Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion
Subtract 32, multiply by 5/9.
Negative Temperature
Temperature below freezing point on Celsius scale.
Temperature Change
Difference between initial and final temperatures.
Chimneys in Hydrothermal Vents
Mineral structures formed by hot water emissions.
Pressure Effect on Boiling Point
Higher pressure raises boiling point of water.
Actual Temperature
Specific temperature reading on a scale.
Temperature Change Notation
Expressed as degrees Celsius difference.
Kelvin scale
Temperature scale with absolute zero as zero point.
Absolute zero
Hypothetical temperature where gas pressure is zero.
Constant-volume gas thermometer
Device measuring gas pressure to determine temperature.
Pressure-temperature relationship
Direct correlation between gas pressure and temperature.
Extrapolation
Extending a graph to predict values beyond measured data.
Room temperature
Common indoor temperature, approximately 293 K.
Kelvin unit
Unit of temperature, abbreviated as K.
Celsius to Kelvin conversion
Add 273.15 to Celsius temperature for Kelvin.
Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion
Subtract 32, then multiply by 5/9.
Thermodynamic principles
Laws governing energy and temperature relationships.
Temperature scales comparison
Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales compared graphically.
Skin temperature
Surface temperature, typically lower than internal body temperature.
Temperature interval
Difference in temperature measured across scales.
Degree symbol
Not used with the Kelvin temperature scale.
Temperature change in Kelvin
Equal to temperature change in Celsius.
Body temperature
Normal internal temperature around 310.15 K.
Gas liquefaction
Process where gas turns into liquid at low temperatures.
Gas solidification
Process where gas turns into solid at very low temperatures.
Hypothetical temperature
Temperature that cannot be physically observed.
Graphical representation
Visual depiction of data points and trends.
Celsius scale
Temperature scale where freezing is 0°C.
Fahrenheit scale
Temperature scale where freezing is 32°F.
Temperature conversion
Process of changing temperature units between scales.
Thermal Expansion
Materials expand when temperature increases, contract when cooled.
Linear Expansion
Length change is proportional to temperature change.
Coefficient of Linear Expansion
Proportionality constant for length change with temperature.
Equation 14.4
Length change is proportional to temperature change.
Equation 14.5
Final length depends on initial length and temperature.
Temperature Interval
Same in Celsius and Kelvin scales.
Bimaterial Strips
Two materials welded to sense temperature changes.
Mechanical Thermostats
Use bimetallic strips to control electrical connections.
