Ch. 1 Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Responsiveness (adaptability)

Organisms respond to changes in their environment.

Growth

differentiation): Over time, organisms grow

larger. The number of cells increases and the cells

become specialized to perform particular functions.

Reproduction

Creating new generations of similar organisms. (this is important for the species)

Movement

May be internal or external

Metabolism

(absorption, digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion/obtaining and using oxygen O2)

Anatomy

the structure of body parts (also called Morphology)

Physiology

the function of the body parts, what they do and how they do it

Cytology

analyzes the internal structure of cells

Histology

study of tissues (groups of specialized cells)

Surface anatomy:

general form and landmarks

Regional anatomy:

specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

examples: Head, Neck, Trunk

Systemic anatomy

concerned with organ systems, such as the skeletal and muscular systems.

Developmental anatomy (embryology):

examining the changes that occur between conception and physical maturity.

Nasal

nose

Oral

Mouth

Cervical

neck

Acromial

point of shoulder

Axillary

armpit

Mammary

breast

Brachial

arm

Antecubital

front of elbow

Abdominal

abdomen

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

wrist

Palmer

Palm

Digital

finger

Genital

reproductive organs

Crural

Shin

Tarsal

instep

cephalic

head

frontal

forhead

otic

ear

Buccal

cheek

Mental

chin

Sternal

sternal (or breastbone)

pectoral

chest

Umblical

navel

Inguinal

groin

Coxal

hip

Patellar

front knee

Pedal

foot

Oculus

eye (orbital or ocular)

Occipital

back of head

Vertebral

spinal column

Dorsum

Back

Cubital

elbow

Lumbar

Lower back

Saeral

between hips

Gluteal

buttocks

Perineal

region between the anus and external genitalia

Femoral

Thigh

Popliteal

back of knee

Sural

calf

Plantar

sole

Homeostasis:

maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Negative Feedback

An effector activated by the control center; acts to eliminate or reduce the magnitude of the stimulus

Postive Feedback

the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus

Example: birth

Levels of Organization

Chemical/Molecular ->Cellular ->Tissue->Organ->System->Organism

Anatomical Position

standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward

Superior

(cranial) toward the head

Inferior

(caudal) Lower on the body, farther from the head

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

back of body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Intermediate

between

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial

on the surface

Deep

on the inside

Parietal

On the wall of a body cavity

Viseral

On an organ

prone

lying face down

supine

lying on the back

Planes of the body

Dividing the body into planes or flat surfaces is an additional way to describe the body. (useful in CT scans, MRI, etc.)

coronal plane

divides body into front and back

sagital plane (median plane)

Vertically divides the body into right and left sides

axial plane

A horizontal flat surface dividing the body into upper and lower parts; also known as the transverse plane

Body Cavities

fluid-filled spaces that protect internal organs

Abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

Cranial Cavity

contains the brain

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Thoracic Cavity

contains heart and lungs

Vertebral canal (spinal cavity)

contains the spinal cord

Dorsal Body Cavity

contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

Ventral Body Cavity

pericardial Cavity and 2 Pleural Cavities (heart and lungs)

mediastinum

between the pleural cavities

diaphram

separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Parietal Peritoneum

lines the abdominal wall

visceral peritoneum

covers each organ in the abdominal cavity