APUSH 7.4 KEY TERMS

urban middle class

Most Progressives were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers.

Professional Associations

Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession.

protestants

reformers who protested some practices of the catholic church

olderstock

Protestant Christians that responded to the problem of urban poverty were native-born and older stock Americans

pragmatism

A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.

William James

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Fredrick W. Taylor and Scientific Management

Taylor was a consultant hired by many corporations at the time to help motivate and manage their employees to improve production. Scientific management was his idea that workers and their productivity could be managed down to the exact movement. His ideas were responsible for the mistreatment of workers in the workplace that followed.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

secret ballot

Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest

Robert La Follette

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

direct primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

direct election of senators

17th amendment

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Municipal reformers aimed to

end government corruption

commision plan

A plan in which a city's government is divided into different departments with different functions each placed under the control of a commisioner.

Manager-Council Plan

A municipal plan first used in Dayton, Ohio in 1913. An expert manager would be hired by an elected city council to direct the work of various departments of city government. It was more effective than the commission plan and by 1923, more than 300 cities adopted it as their municipal government system.

Charles Evans Hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

Hiram Johnson

A progressive reformer of the early 1900s. He was elected the republican govenor of California in 1910, and helped to put an end to trusts. He put an end to the power that the Southern Pacific Railroad had over politics.

Wisconsin Idea

Package of reform ideas advocated by LaFollette that included Initiative, Recall, Referendum

regulatory commissions

agencies of the executive branch of government that control or direct some aspect of the economy

Temperance and Prohibition

a progressive movement that pushed for the ban of alcohol

National Child Labor Committee

a progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor

compulsory school attendance

Many states passed laws, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools. (p. 437)

Florence Kelley and the National Consumers League

she was the head of this league and led a crusade to promote state laws to regulate the number of working hours imposed on women who were wives and mothers

Lochner v. New York

Supreme Court case that decided against setting up an 8 hour work day for bakers

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

trust busting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

Bad Trusts v Good Trusts

Distinction emphasized by progressives who believed gov't should encourage the good and discipline the bad

Elkins and Hepburn Acts

Federal regulation that increased the federal government's power to regulate the railroads(1906)

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.

Pure Food an Drug Act

Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

meat inspection act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states

White House Conference

1st conference to talk about reforms on issues involving children and families and how they would be handled by the fed gov. Made legislation that states social poliocies on how states deal with certain problems pertaining to child welfare

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Mann-Elkins Act

Passed in 1910, it empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for the first time to initiate rate changes, extend regulation to telephone and telegraph companies and set up a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings

16th Amendment (income tax)

1913; allowed Federal government to impose a tax on income

firing of Pinchot

In 1910, he was head of the Forest Service, but was fired by President Taft.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Socialists Party

Political party formed in 1901 and committed to socialism- that is, government ownership of most industries.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

Federal Trade Commission

a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices

Federal Farm Loan Act

Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest.

Child Labor Act

prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old

racial segregation

separation from society because of race

Lynchings

when small vigilante mobs or elaborately organized community events where an individual (typically black) was publicly hung due to a crime (true or perceived). Resulted from white supremacy or fear of black sexuality.

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois

former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks

Harvard educated scholar and advocate of full black social and economic equality through the leadership of a talented tenth

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

created to work for the abolition of segregation and discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation; to oppose racism; and to ensure African Americans their constitutional rights.

National Urban League

an interracial organization formed in 1910 to help solve social problems facing African Americans who lived in the cities

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association)

was the primary promoter of women's right to vote.

Alice Paul and the National Women's Party

A group of radical women who protested for suffrage and were arrested. While in prison, they staged a hunger strike,

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

League of Women Voters

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

Margeret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's.