Practical Research

Data Presentation

process of using table and graph to present research result

Methodology

focuses the description of the structured methods of research.

Research Design

types of research to be done. simply this is the type of research that the researchers will use.

Data Gathering Procedure

describes the collection of data to be used in a research.

Sample

representing the research respondents.

Sampling Techniques/Procedures

The way of selecting a target set of respondents.

Purposive Sampling

Deals with selecting respondents based on the subject of the study and the relevance of those respondents to the study the researchers are conducting.

Stratified Sampling

This sampling focuses on selecting an equally distributed representation of a class.

Cluster Sampling

This is also called area sampling by which the geographical location is very much important in selecting respondents.

Instrument

any measuring tool to be used in a research study

Questionnaire

a form by which respondents set to answer pre-determined questions are ranged in a particular scheme. Usually, it is used in quantitative research.

Interview Questions

a formal/ organized way of questions given toa few people

Validity

deals with the extent of what supposed to be measured is being determined. refers to the appropriateness of any given means to what is expected to be done.

Reliability

deals with the consistency of data results.

Internal Reliability

if the data are near to what is being expected to achieve.

External Reliability

if two data sets can be generalized as one constructive and consolidated data set.

Interview Method

This is done by asking an interviewee some selected questions randomly

Survey/ Questionnaire Method

This is done by selecting purposive respondents and providing them with forms that include questions that the respondents will answer.

Document Method

This is done by collecting written articles (printed/ online) sources to support the researchers' assumption in their study.

Observation Method

It generates ideas by focusing on the current phenomenon by witnessing how it occurs and how it will be resolved.

Experimental Method

It is usually the method to be used if the study is more on investigation and/or research projects.

Data Presentation

a way of showing and describing the data into an organized and presentable manner using tables

Textual Presentation

a type of presentation that focuses mainly on using words in explaining the acquired data. It must be accompanied by tables and graphs.

Tabular Presentation

a type of presentation that uses tables.

Graphical Presentation

a type of presentation that uses graphs and charts.

*Frequency Polygon Method*

a graph that shows continuity, trends, changes over a time period and/or duration, it can progress or regress.

Bar Graph

shows magnitude of the frequency, the frequency itself and the variations of frequencies.

Circular Graph

a graph that shows components, partition, composition and/or distribution.

Graph

a visual and statistical representation that shows the analytical aspects of frequencies specifically trends and changes, which charts cannot do

Statistics

a branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data.

Statistical Analysis

is a study, a science of collecting, organizing, exploring, interpreting, and presenting data and uncovering patterns and trends

Tables

consists of rows and columns.

Rows

the horizontal part.

Cells

the intersection of rows and columns.

Columns

the vertical part.

Chart

a visual representation that uses geometrical figures to show holistically the frequencies and its variations and distributions.

Bar Graph

shows magnitude of the frequency

Histogram

a bar graph that is showing variations of intervals and ranges and its structure is marked by adjoining boxes.

Data Analysis

process of calculating and interpreting data into constructive

Weighted Mean

It is a form of specialized mean that is widely used in most of every quantitative research. It values the weight of each given scale based on a particular research statement.

Z – test

is used to determine the amount of effect of an Independent Variable to the Dependent Variable. This is one of the most fundamental statistical treatments in quantitative research specifically in descriptive research.

Hypothesis

is an assumption or a proposed statement regarding a possible answer to a research problem or question.

Hypothesis Testing

form of statistical analysis that determine if the hypothesis will be accepted or fail to be accepted.

Parametric Test

statistical analysis that is used to determine the degree of effects of the independent variable to the dependent variable.

Statistical Analysis of Data

part of research that describes the appropriate statistical technique to be used in research.

Descriptive Research

research that deals on describing variables and how independent variable affect dependent variable.

Causality

measurable characteristic describing cause and effect.

Difference

measurable characteristic describing state of change among variables.

Pearson –r

It is used to indicate how strong the linear relationship of variables that are indicated in a research.

Chi – Square Test

statistical analysis used to determine the difference of responses based on nominal and ordinal variables.

Test of Difference

statistical analysis used to determine the difference of results based on pre-test and post -test.

Goodness of Fit

a type of chi – square test that is used if there is only one sample variable but the nominal categories had been analyzed.

Test of Independence

if there are more than two categories for nominal values and if there are rating scales and orders for an ordinal and interval set of data. This will also be used for testing significant differences.