Scientific Revolution, French and English Revolutions

This set of flashcards encompasses key concepts and events discussed in the lecture, spanning the Scientific Revolution, major European conflicts, and significant figures in history.

Scientific Revolution

A period of immense change in scientific thought from 1550 to 1727 that shifted society's understanding of the natural world.

Heliocentrism

The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun, contrary to the geocentric model.

Galileo Galilei

An Italian astronomer who supported heliocentrism and conducted experiments that contradicted Aristotelian physics.

Isaac Newton

A physicist whose work established the laws of motion and universal gravitation, revolutionizing science in the 17th century.

Thirty Years' War

A conflict from 1618 to 1688 in Europe, primarily fought over religious and territorial disputes, which involved most European powers.

Peace of Westphalia

The 1648 treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War, establishing a new political order in Europe based on state sovereignty.

Louis XIV

King of France from 1643 to 1715, known for his absolute rule and the construction of the Palace of Versailles.

English Civil War

A series of conflicts from 1642 to 1651 between Parliamentarians ('Roundheads') and Royalists ('Cavaliers') over governance and authority in England.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 overthrow of King James II of England, leading to a constitutional monarchy under William and Mary.

Joint-stock companies

Businesses owned by shareholders that were pivotal in funding the colonial ventures of European powers in the 17th century.

Seven Years' War

A global conflict from 1756 to 1763 between major world powers, often considered the first 'world war,' which reshaped colonial empires.

Baroque style

An artistic style characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail, used to evoke emotion in art and architecture.

Edict of Nantes

A law promulgated in 1598 that granted significant rights to French Protestants (Huguenots) before being revoked by Louis XIV.

Divine Right of Kings

The political doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, not subjects, which has been challenged during English revolutions.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to reform the church and counter the appeal of Protestantism.