Localization ERQ

localization

refers to the concept in neuroscience that specific functions or processes (such as language, memory, and motor control) are localized to specific areas of the brain. This means that different parts of the brain are responsible for different tasks.

what is localization?

Localization is a fundamental concept in neuroscience that refers to the specialization of different brain regions for specific functions.

Who discover it?

Pioneering work by scientists like Paul Broca, Carl Wernicke, and Wilder Penfield has been instrumental in our understanding of how specific brain areas control different aspects of human behaviour and cognition.

Theory behind localization?

The theory of cortical localization of function holds that different cerebral cortical territories serve different functions, such as vision and language.

Part of the brains that can justify this?

Key parts of the brain, such as Broca's area, Wernicke's area, the motor cortex, and the hippocampus, justify the theory of localization.

Hippocampus

The hippocampus is a small, curved region of the brain that is part of the limbic system. It plays a crucial role in the formation, organization, and storage of memories.

where is the hippocampus?

it is located in the medial temporal lobe, beneath the cortical surface. There is one hippocampus in each hemisphere of the brain.

what is the function of the hippocamus

Memory Formation: The hippocampus is essential for converting short-term memories into long-term memories.

• Without it, individuals cannot form new long-term memories, a condition known as anterograde amnesia.

Spatial Navigation: It helps with the navigation and orientation in space, allowing individuals to remember and navigate environments.
Emotional Regulation: It has a role in processing and integrating emotional responses.

What is a study that justifies this?

Maguire (2000), becuase ——-

main study

Corkin et al. (1997)

background about the study

Molaison allowed surgeons to remove a thumb-sized section of tissue from each side of his brain. It was an experimental procedure that he and his surgeons hoped would quell the seizures wracking his brain. The seizures abated, but afterwards Molaison was left with permanent amnesia.

aim of the study

to determine the extent of HM's amnesia and also to understand what this meant for his daily life.

method

 Case study, using interviews, cognitive testing, observation and eventually brain imaging technology to piece together the picture. It was a breakthrough in understanding the damage to HM’s brain when researchers could use the MRI scanner in the 1990s (Corkin, 1997). This showed that the damage was pervasive and included the hippocampus, the amygdala, and other areas close to the hippocampus. Using the scanner, Corkin (1997) was able to test which areas of the brain are related to which areas of memory and skill learning - something they could only speculate about beforehand.

Results

There was a link between hippocampal damage and HM's loss of memory. The transfer of memory from the short-term store to the long-term store seems to involve the hippocampus.

conclusion

This case study supports the theory of localisation of brain function.

strength

Case study with an extreme condition allowed for great insight into the localisation of certain elements of memory creation. Many tests conducted triangulated each other

limitation

This was a case study of one participant, so the results are not easily generalisable

ethical considerations: bad

 HM could not remember giving his consent to participate, due to his condition. However, his caretakers did provide consent. It just raises issues with consent, and how to handle it for individuals who won't remember it, or who are incapable of providing it.

ethical considerations: good

HM's anonymity was preserved and his identity was protected until his death.