INFO 102 Homework Answers

I have a dataset where I don't yet know the targets for the items in the dataset. Which type of machine learning is most appropriate?

Unsupervised learning

True or false: A neural network is an example of an unsupervised learning algorithm.

False

What task is ChatGPT likely the worst at?

Calculating the result of multiplying multiple fractions.

GPT's large language model depends on which type of ML approach?

Neural network

Which of the following best describes the architecture and purpose of a large language model (LLM)?

A neural network trained on vast corpora of text to predict and generate sequences of words based on probabilistic patterns

In supervised learning, what do we call the data set used to build the model?

Training model

Which of these is not a challenge faced by machine learning approaches?

It can be difficult to develop the explicit rules that will be implemented in the ML model.

For this problem, find the items, the features, and the targets.

A machine learning algorithm that finds the bird that created a bird song.

Item -> Audio recording

Target -> Type of bird

Feature -> Sound frequencies

The base of GPT

• Trained on data scraped from the internet, which is "self-supervised" (that means that no labeling is required because it's already clear what the right answer to a word prediction task should be).

• Last part of the network represents high-level concepts.

The head of GPT

• Goal is to respond appropriately to human queries.

• Trained with feedback from people.

• Has guardrails.

What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?

A software that manages, organizes, and controls access to a database.

What is a database schema?

A blueprint that defines the structure of a database.

Which of the following best describes the difference between a client and a server?

A client requests services or resources, while a server provides them.

Match each part of the LAMP stack to its role.

Linux: Operating System

Python/PHP: Programming Language

MySQL: DBMS

Apache: Web Server

In which of the following scenarios would it make the most sense to use a database?

Managing customer records for an e-commerce website that requires efficient queries and updates from many customers.

What is the protocol of this URL?

https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/avengers_infinity_war

https

What is the key difference between a dynamic and a static webpage?

A static webpage is pre-built and displays the same content to all users, while a dynamic webpage generates content in real-time based on user input or database data.

What does the acronym CRUD stand for in the context of databases?

Create, Read, Update, Delete

What is a tech stack in software development?

A combination of technologies, including frameworks, programming languages, and tools, used to build an application.

Which of the following best describes a key difference between the Waterfall and Agile software development methodologies?

Agile allows iterative development with regular feedback from clients, while Waterfall follows a linear and sequential approach where clients only see the product at the end of the process.

What is a markup language?

A language that uses tags or symbols to annotate text.

A designer would most likely send their design to which software team member to be implemented?

Front-end designer

Which of the following best defines open source software?

Software whose source code is freely available for anyone to view, use, modify, and distribute

The server sends an

HTTP Response

The client sends an

HTTP Request

A website resizes its content based on how large your browser window is. This website is:

responsive

Which of these is not a step in the process of visiting a static webpage?

The web server uses a programming language like Python to create the HTML of the webpage.

Server error

500s

Client error

400s

Success

200s

What is the primary function of a firewall?

To block or allow network traffic based on security rules

What does the Domain Name System (DNS) do?

Convert domain names into IP addresses

Command line interface

• Users only type

• This type of UI dates back to computers from the 60s

• Only text is displayed to the user

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

• Users can interact with the mouse

• Images and text are displayed to the user

• This type of UI is more recent, gaining popularity in the 80s

What is the main purpose of prototyping in development?

To test and validate ideas before full-scale production

What is the difference between a MAC address and an IP address?

An IP address might be IPv4 or IPv6, while a MAC address has only one format

What is an API call?

A request made by a client to access specific data or functionality from the API

Javascript

Front-end

CSS

Front-end

Web browser

Front-end

HTML

Front-end

Client-side scripting

Front-end

LAMP Stack

Back-end

Database

Back-end

Web server

Back-end

Python

Back-end

SQL

Back-end

Server-side scripting

Back-end

 <a> tag is used for

a link

<img> tag is used for

an image

 <p> tag is used for

paragraphs

<h1> … <h6>

the largest to the smallest of the headline tags

<div>

used for a division (part) of the page

True or false: It’s not possible to write a program that determines whether another program runs forever.

True

True or false: All graph problems have no algorithms that run in better than exponential time complexity.

Examples of graph problems are finding the shortest path from a starting point to a destination, finding the longest path from a starting point to a destination, and finding the shortest path through multiple destinations (the Traveling Salesman Problem).

False

True or false: There are different sizes of infinity.

True

True or false: There are some problems that cannot be solved by computers, even if they had infinite time to solve them.

True

The Halting Problem is

undecidable

True or false: NP-complete problems cannot be solved by computers

False

What is not countable?

Real numbers (e.g. pi, sqrt(2))

The __________________ is a program that manages computer resources and provides an interface for other applications and the user.

Operating system

Which of these tasks is not embarrassingly parallel?

Simulating a series of logic gates

Why are GPUs called Graphical Processing Units?

They were originally used only for programs related to graphics, but today they are used for other types of applications

Which of these pages would have the highest PageRank?

A page with lots of incoming links from other pages that also have many incoming links

When a process in the ready state is dispatched, what state does it enter?

Running

When a process in the running state needs input, which state does it go to?

Waiting

When a process is over or is ended by a user, it enters which state?

Terminated

When the operating system interrupts a program in the running state to give CPU time to another process, the process enters which state?

Ready

Which of the following are not stored in binary in the computer?

Everything is stored in binary in the computer

Which of these is not an encoding for characters (letters)?

Unicode-2000

Which is a larger number, 0x111 or 0b111? (By larger, I mean greater in magnitude)

0×111

In ASCII, characters are 8 bits, but the first bit is always 0. How many characters can be represented in ASCII?

128

There are ___ bits in a byte

8

How many symbols are used in the binary number system?

2 (0 and 1)

Which of these is not a likely problem with numbers in computers?

It takes longer for the computer to process binary numbers than hexadecimal numbers because they have more digits, which can cause unexpected delays.

The ___(1)____ is made up of the ___(2)____,  which fetches instructions, and the ____(3)______, which performs calculations.

(1) CU

(2) Logic gates

(3) ALU

What is the cycle that occurs in the processor?

Fetch-decode-execute

Moore's law says that "The number of (1)________ on microchips will (2)________ every two years."

(1) transistors

(2) double

Which logic gate does this represent? A and B are inputs to the gate, and X is the output of the gate

OR

A terabyte is how many megabytes?

1,000,000

Which is biggest?

Exabyte