NUR 200 - Stats Test 1

Nominal

Lowest form

Nominal Examples

Gender, race/ethnicity, eye color

Ordinal

Includes categories that can be rank ordered

Ordinal Examples

Grade scale, pain scale

Nonparametric

Level of measurement is usually nominal or ordinal

Nominal Level Data

Mode

Ordinal Level Data

Median

Interval

Distance between intervals of the scale are numerically equal

Ratio

Highest form of measurement

Ratio examples

Pulse, blood pressure, age (cannot be zero or else dead)

Parametric

Interval and ratio levels of data

Significant results are usually identified by

P values less than or equal to 0.05

Population

Particular group of individuals who are being studied

Sample

Focus of a particular study

Study elements

Participants, subjects, objects, or events that might be included in the sample for a study

Sample size

Must be of adequate size to determine significant relationships among variables or differences between groups

Refusal rate

Percentage of potential subjects who decide not to participate in a study

Refusal Rate Equation

(# refusing to participate / # approached ) * 100

Attrition rate

Percentage of students dropping out of a study after the sample size has been determined based on sampling criteria

Independent variable

Variable that influences another variable; also the variable that the researcher controls or manipulates to affect the dependent variable

Dependent variable

An outcome variable that is affected or influenced by the independent variable

Research question

What the research team is trying to answer through the study

Null Hypothesis H0

The hypothesis that suggests there will be no statistically significant effect on the variables being studied

Alternate Hypothesis

Hypothesis that observations from a sample are influenced by a non random event; the hypothesis the researcher os interested in

Sampling Method

Process of selecting people, events, behaviors or other elements that are representative of the population being studied

Quantitative research

objective research methodology used to describe, explain relationships and determine the cause and effect interactions between variables

Qualitative studies

subjective and are conducted to describe and give meaning to life experiences, cultures or historical events

Mixed Methods Studies

uses both quantitative and qualitative methods

Sampling Frame

each person or element in a study target population and then randomly selecting a sample from that population

Stratified Random sampling

Used when the researcher knows some of the variables within a population that will affect the representativeness of the sample

Systematic Sampling

Surveying 100 customers out of a total population of 1000

Nonrandom sampling

technique that does not extend an equal opportunity for selection to all members of the study population

Convenience sampling

Most frequently used

Quota sampling

used to ensure adequate representation of all types of subjects who are likely to be underrepresented (i.e. women, elderly, Minorities)

Purposive sampling

Occurs when the researcher consciously selects subjects, elements, events or incidents to include in the study

Network/Snowball sampling

makes use of social networks and the fact that friends often have common characteristics

Theoretical sampling

used in the research process to advance the development of a theory and is more commonly used in grounded theory studies

eligibility criteria

list of requirements or characteristics essential for membership in the target population

inclusion criteria

requirements that must be present for inclusion into the sample

exclusion criteria

requirements that if present eliminate or exclude participants from being included in the sample