GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION: INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTION

A set of practice flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes on livestock and poultry production, including definitions, domestication history, production statistics, and industry insights.

What is Animal Science?

The total store of knowledge relative to breeding, feeding, health, care and management of animals and the marketing/processing of animals and their products, gained through practical experience and research.

When did humans begin animal husbandry by domestication?

In the New Stone Age.

What is LIVESTOCK?

Common mammalian farm animals such as cattle, buffalo, hog, goat, sheep, and horse.

What is POULTRY?

Domestic avian species such as chicken, duck, turkey, goose, and quail.

What is MICROLIVESTOCK?

Smaller creatures such as rabbits, guinea pigs, honey bees, snails, rodents, insects, earthworms, etc.

What are the benefits of microlivestock?

Low-cost investment, low financial risk, rapid return, steady source of income/food, potential to generate employment, and portable production.

Give examples of WILD ANIMALS raised commercially.

Crocodile farming, ostrich, wild buffaloes, deer, bison, and mountain goat.

What is AQUACULTURE?

Marine or aquatic production involving propagation, rearing and marketing of fish, seafood and other marine products (oyster, shrimp, tilapia) in controlled environments.

Why is Animal Science important in Animal Production and Agriculture?

It supports a steady food supply and helps address challenges like population growth, feed shortages, and disease, aiming for efficient and sustainable production.

List some roles of animals in society.

Food, work, medicine, research, clothing, recreation, companionship, and security.

What is the main objective of animal production?

To produce animal products that are high in quality and quantity, with healthy animals supporting that goal.

Why are animal diseases a concern?

They affect food security and international trade, many agents are zoonotic, so prevention and management are critical.

What is domestication?

The process of keeping animals for a distinct purpose, controlling their breeding, making survival depend on humans, and developing traits not found in the wild.

Who was the first domesticated animal?

Dogs.

Which animals were the first food animals domesticated?

Ruminants: cattle, sheep, and goats.

Horses and cattle were domesticated mainly for what purpose?

Transportation and draft work.

What makes domestication easier?

Animals that form large herds or flocks and eat a wide variety of feeds.

Can goats easily return to the wild state compared to sheep?

Yes, goats can easily return to the wild; sheep cannot.

Do goats have scent glands on the face and feet?

Goats do not have scent glands on the face and feet; sheep do.

Do male goats have beards?

Yes; male goats have beards, while male sheep do not.

Which is more intelligent, goats or sheep?

Goats are more intelligent than sheep.

What is the ancestor of domestic chickens?

Wild jungle fowl of India (Gallus gallus).

What is the ancestor of domestic ducks?

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos).

From which wild species do turkeys descend?

Two wild species: one from Mexico and one from the United States.

Which bird was tamed shortly after the chicken?

Goose (Anser anser).

Swine industry represents what share of total livestock production value and meat consumption?

About 79% of total livestock production value and more than 55% of daily animal meat consumption by Filipinos.

What was per capita pork consumption in 2011?

18.31 kg.

What was per capita pork consumption in 2015?

20.35 kg.

What was per capita pork consumption in 2021?

About 10.66 kg of pork per person, while poultry was 14.05 kg per person.

What was the average annual growth rate of hog production from 2013 to 2017?

3.02% per year.

What was the hog production volume in 2017?

2,265,015 metric tons (liveweight).

What were the backyard and commercial shares of swine inventory in 2017?

Backyard 65.34%, Commercial 34.66%.

What is the status of beef cattle in the Philippines?

Beef cattle is one of the least developed industries; declining local cattle population and high slaughter rate lead to government imports.

What was the highest cattle production year in 2013-2017?

2016, with about 270,415 metric tons.

What was cattle production in 2013?

About 258,454 metric tons.

What is the five-year trend in cattle inventory growth?

Average annual growth of about 0.49%; most cattle in backyard farms (about 93.78% in 2017).

What is the annual growth rate of carabao production from 2013 to 2017?

0.52% average annual growth.

What share of carabao inventory comes from backyard farms in 2017?

99.62% backyard, 0.38% commercial.

What is a key protein/fat/cholesterol difference between carabeef and beef?

Carabeef has about 30% more protein, 70% less fat, and 50% less cholesterol than beef.

Where is carabeef used in processed products?

Carabeef is used in sausages, luncheon meat, meat loaf and corned beef.

What is the average annual growth rate of goat production from 2013 to 2017?

0.63% per year.

What were goat production volumes in 2013 and 2017?

2013: 75,416 metric tons; 2017: 77,338 metric tons.

What was goat inventory in 2017?

About 3.710 million heads.

What percentage of goat inventory is kept on backyard farms in 2017?

About 98.63% backyard, 1.37% commercial.

Which province had the highest goat production in 2017?

Pangasinan (highest production among provinces).

What are major constraints of the dairy sector?

Intermittent government support, shortage of dairy stocks, limited entrants, competition with cheap imported dairy powders, and skilled technicians/farmers leaving the country.

What was the trend in local dairy production from 2013 to 2017?

Increased from 19,526 to 22,755 metric tons, with an average annual growth of about 3.93%.

What was the highest year for dairy milk production in this period?

2017, with about 22,755 metric tons (liquid milk equivalent 22,756).

Which specific challenges in animal production does Animal Science help address?

Challenges like population growth, feed shortages, and disease.

What is the primary objective concerning the outcome of Animal Science efforts in production?

To achieve efficient and sustainable animal production.

What health concern is particularly significant for many animal disease agents?

Many agents are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and humans.

What was the approximate per capita pork consumption in the Philippines in 2021, and how did it compare to poultry consumption?

Pork consumption was about 10.66 kg per person, while poultry consumption was higher at 14.05 kg per person.

What percentage of cattle inventory in the Philippines was housed in backyard farms in 2017?

Approximately 93.78\% .