15 - RNA Virus

b. PS-RNA

[RNA - Virus]

Type of RNA sensed directly translated into protein
a. NS-RNA
b. PS-RNA
c. dsRNA
d. Ambisense RNA

• Positive-sense RNA Virus (PS-RNA)

• Negative-sense RNA Virus (NS-RNA)

[RNA - Virus]

Type of RNA virus [2]

b. NS-RNA

[RNA - Virus]

Type of RNA that requires RNA polymerase before translation
a. PS-RNA
b. NS-RNA
c. dsRNA
d. Ambisense RNA

• Picornavirus

• Coronavirus

• Togavirus

• Calicivirus

• Flavivirus

• Retrovirus

📌Mnemonic: "PiCoTCaFlaRe

[RNA - Virus]

Positive sense RNA viruses [6]

b. Picornavirus

[RNA - Virus]

Smallest positive sense RNA virus
a. Togavirus
b. Picornavirus
c. Coronavirus
d. Flavivirus

b. Rhinovirus

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Picornavirus causing acute rhinitis/common cold
a. Hep A virus
b. Rhinovirus
c. Coronavirus
d. Togavirus

b. Droplet

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Route of transmission of Rhinovirus
a. Fecal-oral
b. Droplet
c. Vector-borne
d. Vertical

b. Supportive therapy

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Treatment for Rhinovirus infection

a. Antiviral therapy
b. Supportive therapy
c. Antibiotic therapy
d. Antifungal therapy

b. Hep A virus

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Picornavirus causing viral Hepatitis A
a. Rhinovirus
b. Hep A virus
c. Coronavirus
d. Togavirus

b. Acute

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Clinical course of Hepatitis A virus infection
a. Chronic
b. Acute
c. Latent
d. Persistent

b. Fecal-oral

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Route of transmission of Hepatitis A virus
a. Droplet
b. Fecal-oral
c. Vector-borne
d. Vertical

b. Asymptomatic

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Clinical presentation of Hepatitis A virus infection in children
a. Symptomatic
b. Asymptomatic
c. Fatal
d. Chronic

b. Enterovirus

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Genus of virus that tends to replicate in the GIT
a. Coronavirus
b. Enterovirus
c. Rhinovirus
d. Togavirus

b. Humans are the only host

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Host of poliovirus
a. Animals only
b. Humans are the only host
c. Both humans and animals
d. Insects

b. Fecal-oral

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Route of transmission of poliovirus
a. Droplet
b. Fecal-oral
c. Vector-borne
d. Vertical

b. Poliomyelitis

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Disease caused by poliovirus
a. Herpangina
b. Poliomyelitis
c. Myocarditis
d. Hand, foot, and mouth disease

c. Abortive poliomyelitis

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Most common, mildest type of poliomyelitis
a. Paralytic poliomyelitis
b. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis
c. Abortive poliomyelitis
d. Post-polio syndrome

c. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis

📌NOTE: Aseptic means no presence of bacteria

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Type of poliomyelitis presenting as aseptic or viral meningitis
a. Abortive poliomyelitis
b. Paralytic poliomyelitis
c. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis
d. Post-polio syndrome

d. Post-polio syndrome

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Type of poliomyelitis presenting as weakness after 20 years
a. Abortive poliomyelitis
b. Paralytic poliomyelitis
c. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis
d. Post-polio syndrome

b. Salk

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Polio vaccine given subcutaneously (SQ)
a. Sabin
b. Salk
c. MMR
d. BCG

b. Sabin

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

• This is a polio vaccine given orally

• This is a live vaccine contraindicated in children <6 months except if oral

a. Salk
b. Sabin
c. MMR
d. BCG

b. Coxsackie A16

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Coxsackievirus strain causing herpangina (oral ulcers/"singaw)

a. Coxsackie B
b. Coxsackie A16
c. Coxsackie A9
d. Coxsackie A21

b. Carbenoxolone (Rowagel)

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Treatment for herpangina
a. Miconazole
b. Carbenoxolone (Rowagel)
c. Ivermectin
d. Metronidazole

a. Hand, foot and mouth disease

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

BEQ: Disease caused by Coxsackie A16 in humans
a. Hand, foot and mouth disease
b. Foot and mouth disease
c. Herpangina
d. Pleurodynia

b. Foot and mouth disease

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

BEQ: Disease caused by Coxsackie A16 in animals

a. Hand, foot and mouth disease
b. Foot and mouth disease
c. Herpangina
d. Pleurodynia

b. Coxsackie B

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Coxsackievirus strain causing:

• Myocarditis

• Pericarditis

a. Coxsackie A16
b. Coxsackie B
c. Coxsackie A9
d. Coxsackie A21

b. Type 1 DM

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Condition allegedly caused by Coxsackie B
a. Type 2 DM
b. Type 1 DM
c. Hypertension
d. Hyperthyroidism

d. All of the above

• Hepatitis A

• Meningitis (poliovirus)

• Myocarditis (coxsackie)

[RNA - Virus - Picornavirus]

Which of the following is caused by a picornavirus?
a. Hepatitis A
b. Meningitis
c. Myocarditis
d. All of the above

b. SARS Cov 1

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Coronavirus responsible for the 2002 SARS outbreak
a. SARS Cov 2
b. SARS Cov 1
c. NCov
d. MERS Cov

b. SARS Cov 2

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Coronavirus responsible for the 2019 outbreak, also known as NCov
a. SARS Cov 1
b. SARS Cov 2
c. MERS Cov
d. HCoV

b. Airborne

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Route of transmission of Coronavirus, assumed to be
a. Fecal-oral
b. Airborne
c. Vector-borne
d. Vertical

a. Cytokine storm

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Problem caused by Coronavirus leading to increased inflammation
a. Cytokine storm
b. Sepsis
c. DIC
d. Anaphylaxis

b. RT-PCR

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Diagnostic test for Coronavirus
a. ELISA
b. RT-PCR
c. Western blot
d. Fluorescent Ab test

• Supportive treatment

• Hydrochloroquine (not effective)

• Convalescent plasma (Ab)

• Hemoperfusion

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Treatment for Coronavirus infection [4]

b. Hydrochloroquine

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Drug found not effective for Coronavirus treatment
a. Remdesivir
b. Hydrochloroquine
c. Molnupiravir
d. Tocilizumab

a. Convalescent plasma

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Treatment for Coronavirus involving antibodies from recovered patients
a. Convalescent plasma
b. Hemoperfusion
c. Hydrochloroquine
d. Baricitinib

b. Hemoperfusion

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Treatment for Coronavirus that removes excess cytokines
a. Convalescent plasma
b. Hemoperfusion
c. Remdesivir
d. Molnupiravir

b. Vaccine

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Prevention for Coronavirus
a. Antibiotic prophylaxis
b. Vaccine
c. Antifungal prophylaxis
d. Antiparasitic prophylaxis

c. Remdesivir

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Drug that inhibits viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
a. Ivermectin
b. Baricitinib
c. Remdesivir
d. Tocilizumab

d. Molnupiravir

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Drug that incorporates into viral RNA leading to lethal viral mutations
a. Ivermectin
b. Baricitinib
c. Remdesivir
d. Molnupiravir

d. Tocilizumab

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Drug that blocks IL-6 receptor and inhibits IL-6 mediated inflammation
a. Ivermectin
b. Baricitinib
c. Remdesivir
d. Tocilizumab

b. Baricitinib

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Drug that blocks JAK-STAT signaling pathway and reduces cytokine levels
a. Ivermectin
b. Baricitinib
c. Remdesivir
d. Tocilizumab

a. Ivermectin

[RNA - Virus - Coronavirus]

Antiparasitic agent theorized to block the nuclear transport of viral proteins
a. Ivermectin
b. Baricitinib
c. Remdesivir
d. Molnupiravir

b. Aedes aegypti

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Vector of Chikungunya virus
a. Anopheles mosquito
b. Aedes aegypti
c. Culex mosquito
d. Sandfly

b. Arthralgia

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Clinical manifestation of Chikungunya fever
a. Rashes
b. Arthralgia
c. Hemoptysis
d. Hematuria

b. Vertical

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Route of transmission of Rubivirus

a. Droplet
b. Vertical
c. Fecal-oral
d. Vector-borne

a. Rubivirus

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Causes congenital rubella
a. Rubivirus
b. Rubulavirus
c. Rhinovirus
d. Rotavirus

b. Transplacental spread

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

BEQ: Vertical transmission of congenital rubella
a. Airborne spread
b. Transplacental spread
c. Fecal-oral spread
d. Droplet spread

• Blind

• Mental retardation

• Heart problem

• Deaf

📌Mnemonic: Bulag , Bobo, Butas, Bingi

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Clinical manifestation of Congenital rubella [4]

• 3 day fever

• Rashes that last for 3 days

• Forchheimer spots

• Patient appears active and well despite the illness

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Clinical manifestation of Rubella / German measle [4]

b. Droplet

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Route of transmission of Rubivirus causing rubella/German measles
a. Vertical
b. Droplet
c. Fecal-oral
d. Vector-borne

b. 3 day

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Duration of fever in rubella/German measles
a. 1 day
b. 3 day
c. 7 day
d. 14 day

b. 3 days

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Duration characteristic of the rash seen in rubella/German measles
a. 1 day
b. 3 days
c. 7 days
d. 14 days

b. Forchheimer spots

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Characteristic skin finding in rubella/German measles
a. Nagayama spots
b. Forchheimer spots
c. Koplik spots
d. Roseola spots

b. Appears not sick, still active

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

General patient condition despite rashes in rubella/German measles, described

a. Appears very ill
b. Appears not sick, still active
c. Lethargic
d. Comatose

b. Supportive therapy

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Treatment for rubella/German measles
a. Antiviral therapy
b. Supportive therapy
c. Antibiotic therapy
d. Antifungal therapy

b. MMR (live) vaccine

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Prevention for rubella/German measles
a. Sabin vaccine
b. MMR (live) vaccine
c. Salk vaccine
d. BCG vaccine

b. Herd immunity

[RNA - Virus - Togaviridae]

Concept where surrounding people should be vaccinated if a patient cannot receive a live vaccine (e.g., pregnant).It is recommended to get vaccinated before pregnancy, and it is for both males and females.
a. Passive immunity
b. Herd immunity
c. Active immunity
d. Cross immunity

b. Caliciviridae

[RNA - Virus]

Family of virus that includes Novovirus
a. Picornaviridae
b. Caliciviridae
c. Togaviridae
d. Coronaviridae

a. Norovirus

[RNA Virus - Calciviridae]

#1 viral acute gastroenteritis in adults
a. Norovirus
b. Rotavirus
c. Adenovirus
d. Astrovirus

a. Norovirus

[RNA Virus - Calciviridae]

#2 viral acute gastroenteritis in children

a. Norovirus
b. Rotavirus
c. Adenovirus
d. Astrovirus

b. Hydration + zinc + probiotics

[RNA Virus - Calciviridae]

Treatment for viral acute gastroenteritis caused by Novovirus

a. Antibiotics + antifungals
b. Hydration + zinc + probiotics
c. Antivirals + steroids
d. Antihistamines + decongestants

b. Culex mosquito

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Vector of:

• Japanese encephalitis virus

• West Nile virus
  

a. Aedes aegypti
b. Culex mosquito
c. Anopheles mosquito
d. Simulium spp.

b. Asia

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Region where Japanese encephalitis virus is found
a. America
b. Asia
c. Africa
d. Europe

b. America

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Region where West Nile virus is found
a. Asia
b. America
c. Africa
d. Europe

b. Birds

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Natural host of:

• Japanese encephalitis virus

• West Nile virus
  

a. Humans
b. Birds
c. Mosquitoes
d. Rodents

c. Accidental host

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Type of host humans are for Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus
a. Definitive host
b. Intermediate host
c. Accidental host
d. Reservoir host

b. JE vaccine

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Prevention for Japanese encephalitis virus
a. MMR vaccine
b. JE vaccine
c. Yellow fever vaccine
d. Salk vaccine

b. Aedes aegypti

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Vector of Yellow fever virus
a. Culex mosquito
b. Aedes aegypti
c. Anopheles mosquito
d. Simulium spp.

a. "Panama puzzle"

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

_______ refers to the historical scientific investigation into how the Yellow fever virus was transmitted
a. "Panama puzzle"
b. "Yellow fever mystery"
c. "Mosquito inquiry"
d. "Virus investigation"

c. Fever and Jaundice

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Clinical manifestation of Yellow fever
a. Fever and Rash
b. Fever and Headache
c. Fever and Jaundice
d. Fever and Diarrhea

b. Dr. Walter Reed

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

The scientist who led the study on Yellow fever where participants allowed themselves to be bitten by mosquitoes, leading to the death of some volunteers
a. Dr. Louis Pasteur
b. Dr. Walter Reed
c. Dr. Robert Koch
d. Dr. Edward Jenner

a. Philippines

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Country where Yellow fever virus can survive despite not being endemic
a. Philippines
b. Thailand
c. Vietnam
d. Indonesia

b. Yellow fever vaccine

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Prevention for Yellow fever, required for OFWs
a. JE vaccine
b. Yellow fever vaccine
c. MMR vaccine
d. Salk vaccine

a. DENV 1,2,3,4

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Serotypes of dengue virus
a. DENV 1,2,3,4
b. DENV 1,2,3
c. DENV 1,2
d. DENV 1,2,3,4,5

b. Aedes aegypti

— This is a “daybiter"

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Vector of dengue virus

a. Culex mosquito
b. Aedes aegypti
c. Anopheles mosquito
d. Simulium spp.

Febrile Stage (with fever)

↓

Critical Stage (no fever)

↓

Recovery Stage (improvement)

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Stages of Dengue Fever

c. Febrile Stage

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Stage of dengue with fever

a. Recovery stage

b. Critical Stage

c. Febrile Stage

b. Critical Stage

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Stage of dengue without fever

a. Recovery stage

b. Critical Stage

c. Febrile Stage

a. Recovery stage

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Stage of dengue following the critical stage (for improvement)

a. Recovery stage

b. Critical Stage

c. Febrile Stage

b. 2-7 days

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Duration in all type of dengue fever
a. 1-3 days
b. 2-7 days
c. 7-14 days
d. 10-14 days

d. All of the above

• Dengue w/o warning signs

• Dengue w/ warning signs

• Severe dengue

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Dengue with fever 2-7 days only

a. Dengue w/o warning signs

b. Dengue w/ warning signs

c. Severe dengue

d. All of the above

b. Dengue w/ warning signs

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Dengue characterized by:

• Abdominal pain

• Bleeding

• Clinical fluid accumulation

• Persistent vomiting

• Lethargy

• Liver enlargement (>2cm)

• Lab test (high hematocrit ; low platelet)

a. Dengue w/o warning signs

b. Dengue w/ warning signs

c. Severe dengue

d. All of the above

• Abdominal pain

• Bleeding

• Clinical fluid accumulation

• Persistent vomiting

• Lethargy

• Liver enlargement (>2cm)

• Lab test (high hematocrit ; low platelet)

• No urine 6 hrs

📌Mnemonic: “ABC” “PLLL”

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Warning signs of Dengue fever [7]

a. ↑ hematocrit, ↓ platelet

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Laboratory findings associated with dengue warning signs
a. ↑ hematocrit, ↓ platelet
b. ↓ hematocrit, ↑ platelet
c. ↑ hematocrit, ↑ platelet
d. ↓ hematocrit, ↓ platelet

a. No urine 6 hrs

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Dengue with warning signs related to urine output
a. No urine 6 hrs
b. No urine 24 hrs
c. Increased urine output
d. Hematuria

c. Severe dengue

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Dengue characterized by:

• Plasma leakage

• Bleeding

• Organ damage

a. Dengue w/o warning signs

b. Dengue w/ warning signs

c. Severe dengue

d. All of the above

c. Home

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Management setting for dengue without warning signs
a. Hospitalize (ward)
b. Hospital (ICU)
c. Home
d. Outpatient clinic only

b. Hospitalize (ward)

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Management setting for dengue with warning signs
a. Home
b. Hospitalize (ward)
c. Hospital (ICU)
d. Outpatient clinic only

c. Hospital (ICU)

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Management setting for severe dengue
a. Home
b. Hospitalize (ward)
c. Hospital (ICU)
d. Outpatient clinic only

a. WBC ↓, Hematocrit ↑, Platelet ↓

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

CBC finding in Dengue:

a. WBC ↓, Hematocrit ↑, Platelet ↓
b. WBC ↑, Hematocrit ↓, Platelet ↓
c. WBC ↓, Hematocrit ↓, Platelet ↑
d. WBC ↑, Hematocrit ↑, Platelet ↑

b. Dengue NS1 Ag

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Diagnostic marker for dengue detected during Day 1-4 of illness
a. Dengue IgM/IgG
b. Dengue NS1 Ag
c. HAV-IgM
d. HCV-RNA

b. Dengue IgM/IgG

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Diagnostic marker for dengue detected from Day 5 onwards
a. Dengue NS1 Ag
b. Dengue IgM/IgG
c. HAV-IgM
d. HCV-RNA

b. Supportive → hydration ( ORS, PNSS or PLRS)

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Treatment for dengue

a. Antiviral therapy
b. Supportive therapy → hydration ( ORS, PNSS or PLRS)
c. Antibiotic therapy
d. Antifungal therapy

a. ORS, PNSS or PLRS

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

The supportive fluids for dengue include
a. ORS, PNSS or PLRS
b. D5W, D5NSS
c. Blood transfusion
d. Albumin

b. Aspirin

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Drug contraindicated in dengue due to antiplatelet effect
a. Paracetamol
b. Aspirin
c. Ibuprofen
d. Mefenamic acid

a. Euphorbia hirta / Grammatophylum scriptum

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

BEQ: The plant locally known as "Tawa-tawa" is used as a herbal remedy for dengue but lacks scientific proof of efficacy
a. Euphorbia hirta / Grammatophylum scriptum
b. Carica papaya
c. Moringa oleifera
d. Psidium guajava

b. Papaya

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Plant/fruit used for dengue
a. Tawa tawa
b. Papaya
c. Malunggay
d. Guava

• 4 o'clock habit

• Oplan kaya kulub

• Abakada

• 4S → 5S

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

Government program for Dengue [4]

b. 4 o'clock habit

[RNA Virus - Flaviviridae]

A habit of cleaning surroundings and searching for mosquito breeding sites at 4:00 PM daily.
a. Oplan Kaya Kulub
b. 4 o'clock habit
c. Abakada
d. Search and destroy