lecture_11_full 3

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 86

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

87 Terms

1

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

New cards
2

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

New cards
3

Pyruvate Oxidation

The process that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, generating CO2 and NADH and linking glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.

New cards
4

Krebs Cycle

A series of enzymatic reactions that produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

New cards
5

Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen.

New cards
6

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process of ATP production that occurs through the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain and the movement of protons.

New cards
7

NADH

A coenzyme that carries electrons and protons, produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

New cards
8

FADH2

A coenzyme that carries electrons and protons, produced during the Krebs cycle.

New cards
9

ATP Synthase

An enzyme that uses the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain to synthesize ATP.

New cards
10

Proton Gradient

A difference in proton concentration across a membrane, which drives ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation.

New cards
11

Aerobic Respiration

A type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen to produce energy.

New cards
12

Anaerobic Conditions

Conditions in which oxygen is absent, leading to less efficient ATP production through glycolysis and fermentation.

New cards
13

Fermentation

A metabolic process that regenerates NAD+ from NADH in the absence of oxygen, allowing glycolysis to continue.

New cards
14

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of fermentation that occurs in human muscles and some bacteria, converting pyruvate into lactic acid.

New cards
15

Alcohol Fermentation

A type of fermentation that occurs in yeast, converting pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

New cards
16

Cofactors

Molecules or ions that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.

New cards
17

Allosteric Regulation

The regulation of an enzyme's activity through the binding of molecules at sites other than the active site.

New cards
18

Feedback Inhibition

A regulatory mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an upstream process.

New cards
19

Transcription

The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA.

New cards
20

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.

New cards
21

Complementary Base Pairing

The specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine.

New cards
22

Nucleoside Triphosphate (NTP)

A molecule consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups; used in RNA synthesis.

New cards
23

Promoter Region

A specific DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

New cards
24

mRNA

Messenger RNA, a type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA for protein synthesis.

New cards
25

tRNA

Transfer RNA, a type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

New cards
26

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA, a component of ribosomes that helps catalyze peptide bond formation.

New cards
27

Polypeptide

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, making up proteins.

New cards
28

Activation Energy

The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

New cards
29

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that involves the breaking of a bond by the addition of water.

New cards
30

Enzyme-substrate complex

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.

New cards
31

DNA Ligase

An enzyme that joins DNA strands together by forming phosphodiester bonds.

New cards
32

RNA Polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

New cards
33

Intron

A non-coding sequence of DNA that is removed during RNA processing.

New cards
34

Exon

A coding sequence of DNA that is retained in the final mRNA.

New cards
35

Splicing

The process of removing introns and joining exons together in mRNA.

New cards
36

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.

New cards
37

Post-transcriptional modification

The process of modifying RNA after transcription, including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing.

New cards
38

Anticodon

A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that pairs with the complementary codon on mRNA.

New cards
39

Polycistronic mRNA

A type of mRNA that encodes multiple proteins, common in prokaryotes.

New cards
40

Monocistronic mRNA

A type of mRNA that encodes only one protein, typical in eukaryotes.

New cards
41

Ribosome Binding Site (RBS)

The sequence in prokaryotic mRNA that facilitates the binding of the ribosome.

New cards
42

Translation Initiation Complex

The assembly of ribosomal subunits, mRNA, and the initiator tRNA before protein synthesis begins.

New cards
43

Simple sequence repeat (SSR)

Short sequences of DNA that are repeated, often used as genetic markers.

New cards
44

Alternative Splicing

The process by which different combinations of exons are joined together to produce different isoforms of proteins.

New cards
45

Gene Expression

The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional products such as proteins.

New cards
46

RNA Processing

The modifications that RNA undergoes after transcription, including splicing and capping.

New cards
47

Translocation

The process of shifting the position of the ribosome along the mRNA during translation.

New cards
48

Peptidyl Transferase

An enzyme present in the ribosome that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

New cards
49

Stop Codon

A codon in mRNA that signals the termination of translation, resulting in the release of the newly formed polypeptide.

New cards
50

Polyribosome

A complex of multiple ribosomes translating a single mRNA simultaneously.

New cards
51

Transcription Factors

Proteins that assist RNA polymerase in initiating transcription by binding to specific DNA sequences.

New cards
52

Nucleosome

A structural unit of chromatin, consisting of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins.

New cards
53

Chromatin

The complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

New cards
54

Histones

Basic proteins around which DNA is coiled to form nucleosomes.

New cards
55

Euchromatin

A less condensed form of chromatin that is active in transcription.

New cards
56

Heterochromatin

Tightly packaged form of DNA, generally inactive in transcription and found at the periphery of the nucleus.

New cards
57

Telomere

The repetitive DNA sequence at the ends of chromosomes that protects them from degradation.

New cards
58

Origin of Replication (ori)

The specific location on a DNA molecule where replication begins.

New cards
59

Leading Strand

The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork.

New cards
60

Lagging Strand

The DNA strand that is synthesized discontinuously in Okazaki fragments, away from the replication fork.

New cards
61

Okazaki Fragments

Short sequences of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

New cards
62

DNA Template Strand

The strand of DNA that serves as the template for RNA synthesis during transcription.

New cards
63

Transcription Bubble

The region of unwound DNA where transcription occurs.

New cards
64

Rho-Dependent Termination

A mechanism of transcription termination in bacteria that involves the Rho factor.

New cards
65

Rho-Independent Termination

A mechanism of transcription termination in bacteria that relies on the formation of a hairpin structure in RNA.

New cards
66

Mature mRNA

The final form of mRNA after processing, ready for translation.

New cards
67

Spliceosome

A complex that carries out the splicing of introns from pre-mRNA.

New cards
68

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template.

New cards
69

Translatome

The complete set of all mRNAs and their corresponding proteins in a cell.

New cards
70

Peptide Bond

A covalent bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis.

New cards
71

Chaperone Proteins

Proteins that assist in the proper folding of newly synthesized polypeptides.

New cards
72

Post-translational Modification

Chemical changes to a protein after translation, affecting its activity and function.

New cards
73

Gene Regulation

The mechanisms that cells use to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products.

New cards
74

Signal Transduction Pathways

Processes by which cells respond to signals from their environment, often involving a cascade of molecular events.

New cards
75

Phosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often used in signaling pathways to activate or deactivate proteins.

New cards
76

Covalent Modification

The addition or removal of chemical groups from a protein to alter its activity or function.

New cards
77

Apoptosis

The process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

New cards
78

Bioinformatics

The application of computational tools to the understanding and analysis of biological data.

New cards
79

Proteomics

The large-scale study of proteins, particularly their functions and structures.

New cards
80

Genomics

The study of genomes, the complete set of DNA within a single cell of an organism.

New cards
81

Metabolomics

The scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites.

New cards
82

Synthetic Biology

An interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering that combines biology and synthetic systems.

New cards
83

Biotechnology

The use of living systems or organisms to develop or create different products.

New cards
84

Clinical Trials

Research studies performed on people to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a medical, surgical, or behavioral intervention.

New cards
85

Transgenic Organisms

Organisms that have been genetically modified to contain a gene from another species.

New cards
86

Gene Therapy

An experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease.

New cards
87

CRISPR

A family of DNA sequences in prokaryotes that can be used for genome editing.

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 64 people
213 days ago
4.7(3)
note Note
studied byStudied by 26 people
891 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 25 people
514 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 4 people
688 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 16 people
903 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
760 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 67 people
701 days ago
5.0(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 44 people
758 days ago
5.0(3)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (92)
studied byStudied by 11 people
841 days ago
4.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (116)
studied byStudied by 10 people
800 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (43)
studied byStudied by 15 people
3 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (57)
studied byStudied by 17 people
751 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 2 people
177 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (71)
studied byStudied by 42 people
385 days ago
5.0(4)
flashcards Flashcard (82)
studied byStudied by 41 people
88 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (222)
studied byStudied by 29 people
646 days ago
5.0(1)
robot