WEEK 2 CONTENT

office ambience (individual + social influences)

culture

the shared values, beliefs, traditions, practices, and languages that are shared among groups of people. has varying definitions. beliefs about a cause of an illness may vary within these groups (some may view mental illness as a genetically linked process; others may see it as a demonic force). religious beliefs within these groups may dictate treatment options (JWs dont receive blood transfusions). dietary habits and interpersonal communication can also vary within these groups.

subculture

when variations within an ethnic or cultural subgroup exist.

cultural competence

having the ability to understand, communicate, and interact with people across all different cultures, resulting in improved health outcomes and embraced diversity. nurses should have a desire to uphold this principle and a want towards educating themselves on indivudal cultures.

cultural awareness

knowledge, awareness, and acceptance of other cultures. having an informed understanding of one’s own feelings and thoughts and knowing the value that differences in others can have on health and well-being.

cultural humility

reflects a lifelong process of learning and self-reflection that allows the nurse to appreciate and partner with individuals from cultures not their own. the goal is not mastery or expertise but involves knowledge-seeking from clients that creates mutual empowerment and respect.

cultural safety

requires a critical self-reflection and critique of power imbalances that facilitate health inequities. allows the patient to determine if the interaction is safe. nurses are also encouraged to acquire knowledge, skills, and attitudes about different cultures and use that competency to develop interventions that address implicit biases and stereotypes.

leininger’s sunrise model (sunrise model)

component of the culture care theory. uses the three phases of maintenance, negotiation, and restructuring to allow the nurse to incorporate characteristics of a client’s culture into care.

transcultural assessment model

sees every individual as unique within their own culture. states that six common components are in every culture: biological variations (differences in patterns of biology, genetics, growth, and resistance to disease), communication, space (distance and intimacy practices when communicating with others), time (focus on past, present, or future), social organization (the way a group forms the structure using the family as a guide), and environmental control (the idea that one has control over nature or the ability to affect environmental control). critical to understanding a client’s values regarding health and disease.

campinha-bacote model (cultural competence)

describes the development of cultural competence as a five-pronged continuous process involving cultural awareness, skill (collection of relevant cultural info), knowledge, encounter (engaging w/ individuals from different backgrounds), and desire (nurse finds self-motivation by remaining open to learning and accepting others).as client needs evolve, the nurse will need to adapt and change how cultural diversity is addressed.

health disparities

differences in medical conditions or health outcomes that are related to social, economic, or environmental hardship. can be rooted in systemic racism and is influenced by SDOH.

health literacy

important for all clients, as they need to be able to use health information and make well-informed decisions to prevent chronic illness, injuries, and disease. clients who are unable to understand health-related information are at risk for injury as well as a lack of access to quality care.

social determinants of health (SDOH)

the conditions in the environments where people are born and live that affect their health, well-being, and quality of life. five domains include health care access and quality, education access and quality, economic stability, social and community context, and neighborhood and built environment.

health care access and quality

many individuals do not get necessary health care due to a lack of health insurance. those without insurance are more likely to use emergency departments for healthcare rather than preventative screenings. medications are often too expensive to obtain for the uninsured and the underinsured. most commonly, these induvial have limited or no dental or vision insurance coverage, causing a lack of oral care to become the hallmark sign of poverty in America. COVID spotlighted these differences as marginalized populations has a higher mortality rate.

lack of PCPs

clients who live in rual areas often lack access to providers who can oversee and coordinate care. this leads to the client lacking primary and secondary care interventions, such as checkups, vaccines, and screenings. telehealth/patient portals can increase access to a provider if the client has internet access.

community health centers

a network of centers that help increase access to crucial primary care by reducing barriers such as cost, lack of insurance, distance, and language for their clients.

underinsured

clients that have health insurance that poses a significant financial risk when paying for health-related expenditures not covered fully by insurance. these clients are often unable to use their health insurance due to high deductibles and copays that are unaffordable.

education access and quality

quality education gives individuals the chance to make a living wage, obtain health care benefits, make better health decisions, and have better access to goods and services. attending inadequate schools can expose a child to violence and bullying, high student-to-teacher ratios, a lack of school nurses, and unequal access to quality education, which all precipitate behavioral and mental health issues. school funding comes from property taxes, so areas of poverty tend to have less funding due to less home ownership.

affordable care act (ACA)

enacted in 2010 to increase access to health care insurance for everyone. opened a marketplace for clients to buy healthcare coverage at affordable rates, greatly reducing the number of people uninsured.

school nurses

have an opportunity to see students in all educational settings; their assessment and interventions are crucial to promoting healthy outcomes. ex: these nurses have been integral in discovering vision problems in students, resulting in improved student academic performance. similarly, their efforts have also been associated with reducing the incidence bullying in schools, as well as decreased childhood anxiety.

cycle of poverty

income that falls below national standards for multiple generations. is difficult to break without outside intervention by national and state governments, communities, and other sources of funding.

nurse-family partnership (NFP)

based on the belief that engaging in children’s lives as early as possible is a vital and cost-effective approach to supporting children from low income families and breaking the cycle of poverty. matches a low-income, first-time pregnant person with a professional nurse who provides support during the pregnancy, after birth, and until the child turns 2 years old.

economic stability

the ability to access resources for life, such as money, housing, food, and a job that provides a consistent living wage. job-training education, career counseling, and quality childcare services can enable people to find jobs and remain employed to provide this for their families. a lack of access to transportation can be a hinderance to achieving this, but can be combated with convenient/affordable transportation options.

food insecurity

a lack of consistent access to enough food for every person in a household to live an active, healthy life. may be temporary, lasting a few months, or it may last a lifetime. can be caused by financial burdens from a serious accident, car trouble, or other individual circumstances that hamper a family’s ability to buy food. can lead to chronic disease such as HTN, heart disease, and obesity. can be combated with food stamp programs.

food deserts

areas that have low access to healthy and fresh foods, usually because of the location or the income of the neighborhoods.

food swamps

an area where there is more access to unhealthy food than there is to healthy food.

social and community context

can be improved by promoting positive family relationships (positive communication, supportive environment, responsive caregivers, etc.), mentoring relationships (helps kids avoid trouble and make healthier social decisions), STI and pregnancy prevention programs, and by the utilization of support groups and counseling.

neighborhood and built environment

where people live has a major impact on their overall well-being. some may experience neighborhoods with violence, unclean air and drinking water, secondhand smoke, and loud noises. the quality of where someone lives causes structural inequities that give risk to large and preventable differences in health metrics such as life expectancy.

built environment

a human made environment that provides the setting for living, working, and playing. it also includes the supporting infrastructure such as water supply and energy networks.

blue-collar workers

manual laborers who often face challenging or difficult work conditions. wages are often lower than white-collar workers.

white-collar workers

people who perform professional, desk, managerial, or administrative work. may be performed in an office or other administrative setting.