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Memories dealing with facts are .
declarative
Memories dealing with skills are termed .
procedural
Which type of memory is likely to last for the shortest amount of time?
Working memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Declarative memory
Procedural memory
Working memory
Working memory .
lasts only a few seconds to minutes
What type of memory allows us to correlate our current situation with our experiences?
Working memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Declarative memory
Procedural memory
Working memory
Where are visual memories most likely to be stored?
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Occipital lobe
Long-term memory .
can be directly encoded from working memory
requires the prior formation of short-term memory
last from days, to years, to possibly a lifetime
B and C
Which type of memory is most likely to be impacted if a patient has a hard time remembering what date it was when an important event occurred?
Implicit memory
Procedural memory
Short-term memory
Explicit memory
Explicit memory
Procedural memory .
is considered implicit memory
is memory that can become reflexive, like riding a bike
involves the development of skills
A, B, and C
Declarative memory .
is also called explicit memory
can start out as procedural memory
involves the retention of facts
A and C
Procedural memory is primarily stored in the .
cerebellum
What EEG waves would have the highest frequency?
Beta waves
What are normal EEG waves for a healthy adult who is awake?
Alpha and beta waves
What kind of waves are seen only during deep sleep or in adults with a serious brain injury?
Delta
REM sleep occurs about every minutes.
90
Which of the following are most correctly matched?
Stage 1 of NREM: Beta waves
Stage 2 of NREM: Alpha waves appear
Stage 3 of NREM: Theta and delta waves appear
Stage 4 of NREM: Alpha waves reappear
stage 3 of NREM: Theta and delta waves appear
At which stage do vital signs begin to change?
Stage 3
When do our most vivid dreams occur?
REM
The process of turning short-term memories into long-term memories is known as consolidation.
True
The is intimately involved in generating explicit memories.
hippocampus
What is an EEG? How are electrical signals measured in the brain?
an eeg is an electroencephalogram which is the tracing recorded by the electroencephalograph
Alpha wave- understand the basic significance of each one and under which circumstances each wave is activated
these occur when you are relaxed, they have a frequency of 8-13 Hz and a higher amplitude than beta waves. These and beta waves are the only ones we should see in awake adults.
Beta wave- understand the basic significance of each one and under which circumstances each wave is activated
have a frequency of 13-30 Herts and are common when the subject is awake with their eyes open and brains engaged
theta wave- understand the basic significance of each one and under which circumstances each wave is activated
4-7 Hertz, can be seen in the early stages of sleep and in young children.
delta wave- understand the basic significance of each one and under which circumstances each wave is activated
0.5-4 Hz are only seen in deep sleep or in adults with a serious brain injury
the difference between REM and NREM sleep
REM Sleep: Rapid eye movement, vivid dreams, brain activity similar to wakefulness, muscle paralysis.
NREM Sleep: Non-rapid eye movement, three stages (light to deep sleep), less vivid dreams, restorative functions.
What type of brain waves are generally found in the different stages of sleep?
NREM Stage 1: Theta waves
NREM Stage 2: Sleep spindles, K-complexes
NREM Stage 3: Delta waves
REM: Mixed frequency, resembles wakefulness
In what stage of sleep do sleep walking and night terrors occur?
Stage 4 deep sleep delta waves predominate and these things occur
NREM Stage 1
light sleep, theta waves
NREM Stage 2
light sleep, theta waves
NREM Stage 3
light sleep, theta waves
NREM Stage 4
deep sleep, delta waves
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
we have dreams, our muscles are paralyzed, heart rate and respiration increases and brains use more oxygen
Describe the importance physically and mentally of getting enough sleep.
The importance of sleep is that we can avoid diseases including: • Alzheimer’s Disease • Depression • Anxiety • Heart Disease • Hormone Imbalances • Immune Suppression • Cancer • Glucose Intolerance • Many others
What are some of the theories for why we need to sleep?
Future studies will help us understand the relationship between sleep and wellness but the evidence certainly shows that sleep is one of the most important pillars of health!
What are some of the typical behaviors of those who are not getting regular REM sleep?
individuals that do not get REM sleep become moody, depressed and even exhibit various types of personality disorders
What are the possible health benefits of adequate sleep?
Improved memory
Enhanced mood
Better immune function
Reduced stress
Lower risk of chronic diseases
Weight management
Increased cognitive function
Physical restoration
How much sleep is “needed” depending on a person’s age?
infants need 16 hours, adults need 7-9 hours
What is the best alternative to using caffeine to wake up our reticular activation system?
The alternative is to sleep consistently so that the body develops its own natural “wake up” cycle.
learning significance and aspects
learning is the acquisition of information
memory significance and aspects
memory is the retention and storage of information
short term processing
. It is usually limited to only a few bits of information, generally 7-12. It may only be retained for a few seconds to a few minutes.
define working memory
it allows us to correlate our current situation with our experiences so we can function, like looking right and left before crossing the street
long term processing
information that is retained for extended periods of time, up to a lifetime
Which structure in the brain is vital to the formation of long-term memory?
the hippocampus
What is a memory trace?
physical changes in the neurons such as the formation of new synapses or reinforcing existing synapses
What is consolidation and how does one consolidate something to memory? How is understanding this important to your studies?
consolidation is converting short-term memories to long-term memories, repetition can help consolidate your studies
What is the difference between explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) long-term memory?
Explicit memories are things like what you are trying to learn in school, names, dates, processes, etc., Implicit memory is memories of things that are not expressed verbally and that we do not have to consciously recall
Which type of memory is most easily lost over time?
explicit/ declarative
Which different structures in the brain are important in generating each type of memories?
the hippocampus is intimately involved in generating explicit memories, The amygdala and cerebellum have been shown to play important roles in generating implicit memories.
What is an example of explicit memory?
remembering a date or name
What is an example of implicit memory?
walking, riding a bike
the precentral gyrus is also known as the
primary motor cortex
the postcentral gyrus is also known as the
primary somatosensory cortex
where is brocas area
anterior to the bottom of the precentral gyrus on the left side
where is wernickes area
end of the lateral sulcus on the left side
Cranial Nerve I
olfactory- smell
Cranial Nerve II
optic- vision
Cranial Nerve III
oculomotor- eye movement
Cranial Nerve IV
trochlear eye movement
Cranial Nerve V
trigeminal ophthalmic eye, maxillary, mandibular
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens- eye movement
Cranial Nerve VII
facial taste from anterior 2/3 tongue, face movement
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear- vestibular, cochlear (hearing)
Cranial Nerve IX
glossopharyngeal- swallowing post 1/3 of tongue taste
Cranial Nerve X
vagus, parasympathetic
Cranial Nerve XI
accessory muscles of the neck, sternocleidomastoid
Cranial Nerve XII
hypoglossal movement of the tongue
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