Bio 264 Unit 11.4

Memories dealing with facts are                               .

declarative

Memories dealing with skills are termed                               .

procedural

Which type of memory is likely to last for the shortest amount of time?

Working memory

Short-term memory

Long-term memory

Declarative memory

Procedural memory

Working memory

Working memory                               .

lasts only a few seconds to minutes

What type of memory allows us to correlate our current situation with our experiences?

Working memory

Short-term memory

Long-term memory

Declarative memory

Procedural memory

Working memory

Where are visual memories most likely to be stored?

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Occipital lobe

Long-term memory                               .

1. can be directly encoded from working memory

   • requires the prior formation of short-term memory

   • last from days, to years, to possibly a lifetime

B and C

Which type of memory is most likely to be impacted if a patient has a hard time remembering what date it was when an important event occurred?

Implicit memory

Procedural memory

Short-term memory

Explicit memory

Explicit memory

Procedural memory                             .

1. is considered implicit memory

   • is memory that can become reflexive, like riding a bike

   • involves the development of skills

A, B, and C

Declarative memory                               .

1. is also called explicit memory

   • can start out as procedural memory

   • involves the retention of facts

A and C

Procedural memory is primarily stored in the                               .

cerebellum

What EEG waves would have the highest frequency?

Beta waves

What are normal EEG waves for a healthy adult who is awake?

Alpha and beta waves

What kind of waves are seen only during deep sleep or in adults with a serious brain injury?

Delta

REM sleep occurs about every                   minutes.

90

Which of the following are most correctly matched?

Stage 1 of NREM: Beta waves

Stage 2 of NREM: Alpha waves appear

Stage 3 of NREM: Theta and delta waves appear

Stage 4 of NREM: Alpha waves reappear

stage 3 of NREM: Theta and delta waves appear

At which stage do vital signs begin to change?

Stage 3

When do our most vivid dreams occur?

REM

The process of turning short-term memories into long-term memories is known as consolidation.

True

The                                 is intimately involved in generating explicit memories.

hippocampus

What is an EEG? How are electrical signals measured in the brain?

an eeg is an electroencephalogram which is the tracing recorded by the electroencephalograph

Alpha wave- understand the basic significance of each one and under which circumstances each wave is activated

these occur when you are relaxed, they have a frequency of 8-13 Hz and a higher amplitude than beta waves. These and beta waves are the only ones we should see in awake adults.

Beta wave- understand the basic significance of each one and under which circumstances each wave is activated

have a frequency of 13-30 Herts and are common when the subject is awake with their eyes open and brains engaged

theta wave- understand the basic significance of each one and under which circumstances each wave is activated

4-7 Hertz, can be seen in the early stages of sleep and in young children.

delta wave- understand the basic significance of each one and under which circumstances each wave is activated

0.5-4 Hz are only seen in deep sleep or in adults with a serious brain injury

the difference between REM and NREM sleep

• REM Sleep: Rapid eye movement, vivid dreams, brain activity similar to wakefulness, muscle paralysis.

• NREM Sleep: Non-rapid eye movement, three stages (light to deep sleep), less vivid dreams, restorative functions.

What type of brain waves are generally found in the different stages of sleep?

• NREM Stage 1: Theta waves

• NREM Stage 2: Sleep spindles, K-complexes

• NREM Stage 3: Delta waves

• REM: Mixed frequency, resembles wakefulness

In what stage of sleep do sleep walking and night terrors occur?

Stage 4 deep sleep delta waves predominate and these things occur

NREM Stage 1

light sleep, theta waves

NREM Stage 2

light sleep, theta waves

NREM Stage 3

light sleep, theta waves

NREM Stage 4

deep sleep, delta waves

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

we have dreams, our muscles are paralyzed, heart rate and respiration increases and brains use more oxygen

Describe the importance physically and mentally of getting enough sleep.

The importance of sleep is that we can avoid diseases including: • Alzheimer’s Disease • Depression • Anxiety • Heart Disease • Hormone Imbalances • Immune Suppression • Cancer • Glucose Intolerance • Many others

What are some of the theories for why we need to sleep?

Future studies will help us understand the relationship between sleep and wellness but the evidence certainly shows that sleep is one of the most important pillars of health!

What are some of the typical behaviors of those who are not getting regular REM sleep?

individuals that do not get REM sleep become moody, depressed and even exhibit various types of personality disorders

What are the possible health benefits of adequate sleep?

• Improved memory

• Enhanced mood

• Better immune function

• Reduced stress

• Lower risk of chronic diseases

• Weight management

• Increased cognitive function

• Physical restoration

How much sleep is “needed” depending on a person’s age?

infants need 16 hours, adults need 7-9 hours

What is the best alternative to using caffeine to wake up our reticular activation system?

The alternative is to sleep consistently so that the body develops its own natural “wake up” cycle.

learning significance and aspects

learning is the acquisition of information

memory significance and aspects

memory is the retention and storage of information

short term processing

. It is usually limited to only a few bits of information, generally 7-12. It may only be retained for a few seconds to a few minutes.

define working memory

it allows us to correlate our current situation with our experiences so we can function, like looking right and left before crossing the street

long term processing

information that is retained for extended periods of time, up to a lifetime

Which structure in the brain is vital to the formation of long-term memory?

the hippocampus

What is a memory trace?

physical changes in the neurons such as the formation of new synapses or reinforcing existing synapses

What is consolidation and how does one consolidate something to memory? How is understanding this important to your studies?

consolidation is converting short-term memories to long-term memories, repetition can help consolidate your studies

What is the difference between explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) long-term memory?

Explicit memories are things like what you are trying to learn in school, names, dates, processes, etc., Implicit memory is memories of things that are not expressed verbally and that we do not have to consciously recall

Which type of memory is most easily lost over time?

explicit/ declarative

Which different structures in the brain are important in generating each type of memories?

the hippocampus is intimately involved in generating explicit memories, The amygdala and cerebellum have been shown to play important roles in generating implicit memories.

What is an example of explicit memory?

remembering a date or name

What is an example of implicit memory?

walking, riding a bike

the precentral gyrus is also known as the

primary motor cortex

the postcentral gyrus is also known as the

primary somatosensory cortex

where is brocas area

anterior to the bottom of the precentral gyrus on the left side

where is wernickes area

end of the lateral sulcus on the left side

Cranial Nerve I

olfactory- smell

Cranial Nerve II

optic- vision

Cranial Nerve III

oculomotor- eye movement

Cranial Nerve IV

trochlear eye movement

Cranial Nerve V

trigeminal ophthalmic eye, maxillary, mandibular

Cranial Nerve VI

Abducens- eye movement

Cranial Nerve VII

facial taste from anterior 2/3 tongue, face movement

Cranial Nerve VIII

Vestibulocochlear- vestibular, cochlear (hearing)

Cranial Nerve IX

glossopharyngeal- swallowing post 1/3 of tongue taste

Cranial Nerve X

vagus, parasympathetic

Cranial Nerve XI

accessory muscles of the neck, sternocleidomastoid

Cranial Nerve XII

hypoglossal movement of the tongue