Ionophores_and_sulfur-2

What are Ionophores?

Ionophores are polyether acid ionophore antibiotics produced by filamentous branching bacteria that facilitate specific ionic transport across biological membranes.

What are the benefits of using Ionophores in animal nutrition?

Benefits include anticoccidial effects, growth promotion, improved feed efficiency, prevention of acute bovine pulmonary edema, ketosis amelioration, and decreased bloat.

How is the toxicokinetics of Ionophores characterized?

Ionophores are rapidly metabolized in the liver, do not accumulate in tissues when administered in high doses, and are mainly excreted in bile.

What mechanism of action do Ionophores have?

They facilitate transmembrane ion fluxes, which can lead to cellular ion imbalance and toxicity through excessive influxes of Na+ and Ca2+.

What are the common clinical signs of Ionophore poisoning?

Clinical signs include anorexia, diarrhea, depression, leg weakness, ataxia, dyspnea, and recumbency, with variations across species.

What diagnostic protocols are used for Ionophore poisoning?

Diagnosis includes a history of feed-related problems, clinical signs, gross postmortem lesions, and ionophore laboratory assays.

What is the main difference between neutral and carboxylic ionophores?

Neutral ionophores are highly toxic while carboxylic ionophores are used as feed additives with selective toxicity.

What factors influence the outcome of Ionophore toxicity?

Key factors include dose and time, exposure history, and specific species sensitivity.

What histological changes are observed in Ionophore toxicosis?

Toxic myopathy characterized by degeneration, necrosis, and repair in cardiac and skeletal muscles.

What are the treatment options for Ionophore toxicity?

Treatment includes removal of the causative material, supportive care, and potentially administering thiamine and electrolytes.

What is Sulfur's role in animal nutrition?

Sulfur is a necessary dietary component that is crucial for protein synthesis, particularly in ruminants, but can be toxic at excessive concentrations.

What condition can arise from excessive sulfur intake?

Excessive sulfur intake can lead to polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in ruminants.

How does Sulfur poisoning affect cellular respiration?

Sulfide inhibits cellular respiration by blocking cytochrome c oxidase, similar to cyanide.

What are the clinical signs of Sulfur toxicity?

Signs include visual impairment, lethargy, ear twitching, anorexia, and potentially convulsions or coma.

What are some key prevention methods against Sulfur poisoning?

Prevention includes testing feed and water for high sulfur, reducing dietary concentrations, and providing necessary minerals.